Development of Language

1
Development of Language

• Language refers to our spoken, written, or
  gestured words and how they are combined to
  communicate.

2
Language Building Blocks

• 1. Phonemes the smallest distinctive sound
  unit.
• How many phonemes are in the word Cheat?
• 2. Morphemes the smallest unit that carries
  meaning may be a word or a part of a word (such
  as a prefix)
• How many Morphemes are in the word previewed?
• How many Morphemes are in the word rabbits?

3
Language The Rules

• Grammar a system of rules that enables us to
  communicate with and understand others. Includes
  semantics and syntax.
• Semantics the study of meaning rules for how
  we get meaning from morphemes, words, and
  sentences in a given language.
• Syntax the rules for combining words into
  grammatically sensible sentences in a given
  language.

4
Examples of Language Rules

• Semantic Examples adding ed to end of word
  does what?
• Adding s to a noun does what?
• Syntax Examples In English adjectives come
  before nouns but the opposite is true in Spanish.
• Pretty girl
• Chica bonita

5
Stages of Language

1. Babbling Stage
2. beginning at 3 to 4 months
3. the stage of speech development in which the
   infant spontaneously utters various sounds at
   first unrelated to the household language
4. One word stage
5. from about age 1 to 2
6. the stage in speech development during which a
   child speaks mostly in single words, but those
   words carry meaning

6
Stages of Language

• Two-Word Stage
• beginning about age 2
• the stage in speech development during which a
  child speaks mostly two-word statements
• Telegraphic Speech
• early speech stage in which the child speaks like
  a telegram go car using mostly nouns and
  verbs and omitting auxiliary words

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Language Summary
8
Theories of Language Development B. F. Skinner
vs. Noam Chomsky A.K.A. Dudes I Need to Know For
the Test

VS.
9
Theory 1 Skinner Believed We Learn Language
Through Learning Techniques (Class. Cond., Op.
Cond, Observation) (Nurture Argument)

• Tools for learning language according to Skinner
• Association associate the sight of things with
  certain sound of words
• Imitation watch models speaking words and
  syntax and then we imitate them.
• Reinforcement given positive feedback and words
  of encouragement when we speak correctly.

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Theory 2 Chomsky Believes Our Brains Are
Hardwired With Inborn Universal Grammar. (Nature
Argument)

• Language is enabled by a
• Language Acquisition Device humans are born
  with innate abilities to acquire language.
• Argued although children do learn the language of
  their environment, the rate they acquire words
  and grammar without being taught is too
  astonishing to be explained purely from external
  learning principles.
• Subscribed to idea of the critical period, a
  time when something must happen for development
  to proceed normally.

11
Languages Influence on Thinking

• Linguistic Determinism (lingusitic relativity)
  Benjamin Whorfs idea that language determines
  the way we think.
• English has many self-focused emotions vs.
  Japanese which has many words for interpersonal
  emotions.

12
Language Relativity and Doublespeak

• Double-Speak describes when language is used to
  disguise the actual meaning and possibly mislead
  people.
• Examples
• Downsizingmultiple firings of employees.
• Physical Persuasiontorture
• Collateral Damagedeath of civilians
• Concentration Camplabor/death camp

13
Reviewing Expectancy

• All expectancy/set concepts are related to how
  our preconceptions, prior experiences, and
  schemas for phenomenon affect our thinking
  patterns and problem solving abilities.
• When explaining these concepts have to identify
  source of your preconception.
• There are two basic types of set/expectancy
• 1. Perceptual Set
• 2. Mental Set

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Concepts that Fall Under Category of Mental Set

• Stereotyping
• Availability Heuristic
• Representative Heuristic
• Fundamental Attribution Error
• Self Fulfilling Prophecy/Pygmalion Effect
• Functional Fixedness
• Confirmation Bias
• Hindsight Bias
• Belief Bias
• Framing
• Learned Helplessness

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Set/Expectancys Affect on Human Perception

• Specific Examples
• Gestault Principles
• -Closure, etc
• Top-Down Processing
• Availability Heuristic/ Stereotyping /Fundamental
  Attribution Error
• -Example Because of news reports, I stay away
  from Muslims b/c I believe most of them are
  terrorists.

1. Perceptual Set
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How does set/expectancy affect the experience of
drugs??
17
How can set/expectancy affect a students
performance in the classroom?
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How does set/expectancy affect our Problem
Solving Abilities?
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How can set/expectancy affect our Memory?