APUSH Unit 1 Notes

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APUSH Unit 1 Notes

• SOL essentials

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Early European Exploration, Colonization,
European Economic Influence on Slavery in the
Americas

• UNIT 1

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Characteristics of early exploration and
settlements in the New World

• New England
• Puritans seeking religious freedom (Europe)
• covenant community based on the principles of
  the Mayflower Compact
• sought economic opportunity and practiced a form
  of direct democracy through town meetings.

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Which 2 of the following cultures do you THINK
will have more characteristics in common?

• Native Americans
• Europeans
• Africans

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Native Americans

• Economy
• Political Organization
• Belief System
• Available Technology
• Culture/Lifestyle

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Europeans

• Economy
• Political Organization
• Belief System
• Available Technology
• Culture/Lifestyle

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Africans

• Economy
• Political Organization
• Belief System
• Available Technology
• Culture/Lifestyle

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Which of the following cultural issues is most
likely to cause problems when these 3 cultures
collide and why?

• Trade problems/wealth/money
• Religious beliefs
• Control of technology
• Concept of land ownership
• Status of women

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• The discovery of the Americas by Europeans
  resulted in an exchange of products and resources
  between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
• Columbian Exchange
• What things came FROM Europe?
• What things came FROM the New World?
• Triangular trade
• Precious Metals

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Columbian Exchange

• Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as
  corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European
  lifestyles.
• European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles
  of Native Americans
• European diseases like smallpox killed many
  natives

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• From OLD to New

• From NEW to Old

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Items

• ????????

• ?????????

• Potatoes
• Horses
• Tobacco
• Smallpox
• Tomato
• Zucchini
• Pumpkin
• Squash
• Chili/paprika

• Corn
• Cattle
• Sheep
• Sweet potato
• Coffee
• Sugar cane
• Vanilla bean
• Cocoa beans
• Oranges
• Apples

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Columbian Exchange

• This term refers to the complex exchange of food,
  animals, and diseases that happened as a result
  of contact between vastly different people when
  Europeans came to the Americas.

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Christopher Columbus Columbian Exchange
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Impact of the Columbian Exchange

• Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the
  use of African slaves.
• Slavery was based on race.
• European plantation system in the Caribbean and
  the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and
  damaged the environment.
• The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and
  the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were
  traded.

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Export of precious metals

• Gold and silver (exported to Europe and Asia)
• Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas
• Impact on Spain and international trade

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European Colonization Patterns
SPANISH COLONIZATION PATTERN
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European Colonization Patterns
FRENCH COLONIAL INFLUENCE
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European Colonization Patterns
DUTCH EMPIRE
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European Colonization Patterns
BRITISH EMPIRE
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Close up British Colonies in North America
http//www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/13map
new.htm
If the Hyperlink works, you can click on each
colony and learn more about it!
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COLONY NAME YEAR FOUNDED FOUNDED BY BECAME ROYAL COLONY
Virginia 1607 London Company 1624
Massachusetts 1620 Puritans 1691
New Hampshire 1623 John Wheelwright 1679
Maryland 1634 Lord Baltimore N/A
Connecticut c. 1635 Thomas Hooker N/A
Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams N/A
Delaware 1638 Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company N/A
North Carolina 1653 Virginians 1729
South Carolina 1663 Eight Nobles with a Royal Charter from Charles II 1729
New Jersey 1664 Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret 1702
New York 1664 Duke of York 1685
Pennsylvania 1682 William Penn N/A
Georgia 1732 James Edward Oglethorpe 1752
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Native American Tribal Locations East Coast
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Native American Tribal Locations to know from p.
9 in Am Pag

• Nez Perce
• Navajo
• Hopi
• Pueblo
• Apache
• Comanche
• Choctaw

• Chickasaw
• Creek
• Cherokee
• Powhatan
• Huron
• Narragansett
• Iroquois

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Native American Tribal Locations Great Plains to
Pacific (see page 9 in AmPAg)
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Characteristics of early exploration and
settlements in the New World

• The Middle Colonies
• settled chiefly by English, Dutch, and
  German-speaking immigrants seeking religious
  freedom and economic opportunity.

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Characteristics of early exploration and
settlements in the New World

• Virginia and the other Southern colonies
• settled by people seeking economic opportunities
  The early Virginia cavaliers were English
  nobility who received large land grants in
  eastern Virginia from the King of England.
• Poor English immigrants --small farmers or
  artisans and settled in the Shenandoah Valley or
  western Virginia, or as indentured servants
  (tobacco plantations)

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Characteristics of early exploration and
settlements in the New World

• Jamestown, established in 1607 by the Virginia
  Company of London as a business venture, was the
  first permanent English settlement in North
  America.
• The Virginia House of Burgesses, 1619, was the
  first elected assembly in the New World. It is
  now known as the General Assembly of Virginia.

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Interactions among Europeans, Africans and
American Indians (First Americans)

• The explorations and settlements often led to
  violent conflicts with the American Indians
• The Indians lost their traditional territories
  and fell victim to diseases carried from Europe.

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Interactions among Europeans, Africans and
American Indians (First Americans)

• French exploration of Canada did not lead to
  large-scale immigration from France, and
  relations with native peoples were often more
  cooperative.
• large landholdings in the Southern colonies and
  in the Caribbean (agricultural economy) led to
  the introduction of slavery in the New World.
• The first Africans were brought against their
  will to Jamestown in 1619 to work on tobacco
  plantations.

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Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period

• The New England colonies developed an economy
  based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering,
  small-scale subsistence farming, and eventually,
  manufacturing.
• The colonies prospered, reflecting the Puritans
  strong belief in the values of hard work and
  thrift.

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Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period

• The middle colonies of New York, New Jersey,
  Pennsylvania, and Delaware developed economies
  based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and
  trading.
• Cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and
  Baltimore began to grow as seaports and
  commercial centers.

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Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period

• Virginia and the other Southern colonies (for
  APwe are saying and MARYLAND) developed
  economies in the eastern coastal lowlands based
  on large plantations that grew cash crops such
  as tobacco, rice, and indigo for export to
  Europe. Farther inland, however, in the mountains
  and valleys of the Appalachian foothills, the
  economy was based on small-scale subsistence
  farming, hunting, and trading.

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Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period

• A strong belief in private owner-ship of property
  and free enterprise characterized colonial life

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Social characteristics of the colonies

• New Englands colonial society was based on
  religious standing. The Puritans grew
  increasingly intolerant of dissenters who
  challenged the Puritans belief in the connection
  between religion and government.
• Rhode Island was founded by dissenters fleeing
  persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts
  RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

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Social characteristics of the colonies

• The middle colonies were home to multiple
  religious groups, including Quakers in
  Pennsylvania and Catholics in Maryland, who
  generally believed in religious tolerance.
• These colonies had more flexible social
  structures and began to develop a middle class of
  skilled artisans, entrepreneurs (business
  owners), and small farmers.

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Social characteristics of the colonies

• Virginia and the Southern colonies social
  structure based on family status and the
  ownership of land (aristocractic)
• Large landowners (eastern lowlands) dominated
  colonial government (maintained an allegiance
  to England longer than in the other colonies)
• In the mountains and valleys further inland--
  (subsistence farmers, hunters and traders
  of Scotch-Irish and English descent)

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Social characteristics of the colonies

• The Great Awakening was a religious movement
  that swept both Europe and the colonies during
  the mid-1700s.
• It led to the rapid growth of evangelical
  religions such as the Methodists and Baptists and
  challenged the established religious and
  governmental order.
• It laid one of the social foundations for the
  American Revolution.

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The development of indentured servitude and
slavery

• The growth of a plantation-based agricultural
  economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the
  Southern colonies required cheap labor on a large
  scale.
• Some of the labor needs, especially in Virginia,
  were met by indentured servants, who were often
  poor persons from England, Scotland, or Ireland
  who agreed to work on plantations for a period of
  time in return for their passage.

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The development of indentured servitude and
slavery

• Most plantation labor needs eventually filled by
  the forcible transfer of African slaves
• involuntary migration
• some Africans worked as indentured servants,
  earned their freedom, and lived as free citizens
  during the Colonial Era
• over time larger numbers of enslaved Africans
  were brought to the Southern colonies via the
  Middle Passage

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Labor was Necessary to Make Colonies Profitable

• Forced Labor
• Native Americans
• Africans
• Indentured Servitude
• work off your passage
• 7 years, then you get some land, tools, and seed
  to start your own farm.

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Indentured Servitude

• debt bondage
• 3-7 years of service in exchange for passage to
  America (or wherever)
• Over ½ of all white immigrants to the 13
  Britsh-American colonies came as indentured
  servants
• Legal contract enforced by the courts

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Indentured Servitude

• Legal action against masters was rare (violence,
  rape, general abuse)
• Terms of service would lengthen for women who
  became pregnant
• Many suicides
• freedom dues were sometimes paid at the end of
  service when they became regular free members of
  society

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From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery

• All servants imported and brought into the
  Country. . . who were not Christians in their
  native Country. . . shall be accounted and be
  slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves
  within this dominion. . . shall be held to be
  real estate. If any slave resists his master. . .
  correcting such slave, and shall happen to be
  killed in such correction. . . the master shall
  be free of all punishment. . . as if such
  accident never happened.
• - Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705

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Slavery/Middle Passage
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Is not the slave trade entirely at war with the
heart of man? And surely that which is begun by
breaking down the barriers of virtue, involves in
its continuance destruction to every principle,
and buries all sentiments in ruin! When you make
men slaves, you... compel them to live with you
in a state of war. ------- Olaudah Equiano,
former slave
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"A people without the knowledge of their past
history, origin and culture is like a tree
without roots!" - Marcus Garvey  "Education
is our passport to the future, for tomorrow
belongs to the people who prepare for it
today." - Malcolm X   
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The development of indentured servitude and
slavery

• The development of a slavery-based agricultural
  economy in the Southern colonies would lead to
  eventual conflict between the North and South and
  the American Civil War.