A%20WORLD%20OF%20EMPIRES%201450-1750%20CE

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A WORLD OF EMPIRES1450-1750 CE
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Six Things to Remember

• Americas included in world trade for the first
  time
• Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology
  continued
• Populations in transition
• New social structures based on race and gender
• Traditional beliefs threatened in Europe but
  reinforced in China
• Empires both land-based and cross oceanic

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The Bookends

• 1450Beginning of European Atlantic empires
• 1450Beginning of global trade
• 1492End of Islam in Western Europe
• 1433End of Chinese treasure ship expeditions
• 1750Beginning of industrialization
• 1750Western Hemisphere colonization peaks

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Americas1300-1800

• Rise of Incas
• Continued rise of Aztecs
• Conquest arrival of Spanish in Western
  Hemisphere
• Population impacts disease, racial
  intermingling, war
• Columbian Exchange
• Colonial societies

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Inca Empire1438-1525

• Highly centralized government
• Diverse ethnic groups
• Extensive irrigation
• State religion/ancestor cult
• Rope suspension bridges
• Metallurgy copper and bronze
• No use of wheel
• Roads for tax, labor, and courier system

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Aztec Empire1325-1520

• Tenochtitlan Foundation of Heaven
• By 1519, metropolis of 150,000
• 5 square miles
• Island location
• Tribute empire based on agriculture
• State control of market redistributes all goods

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Changes in Trade, Technology and Global
Interactions

• Exploration
• God, Glory, and Gold?
• Commodities
• Cartography
• Empire Building

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Age of Exploration

• European exploration
• Why then?
• Why?
• Who and where?
• End of Ming Treasure / Tribute Voyages
• Zheng He

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Commodities
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Commodities

• African slave trade
• Notice the primary destinations

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Commodities

• Coffee beans used first in Yemen and then
  later in Europe and Americas
• European used chocolate technology from Aztecs in
  17th Century

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Cartographic Changes
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Empire Building

• How do empires rise and expand?
• What factors at this time will help empires
  maintain themselves and expand their borders?
• Consider the impact and nature of interaction
  with others

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Africa

• Characteristics
• Stateless societies-organized around kinship,
  often larger than states
• Large centralized states
• Increased unity came from linguistic baseBantu,
  Christianity and Islam, as well as indigenous
  beliefs
• Trademarkets, international commerce, taxed
  trade of unprocessed goods

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African Empires

• Oyo
• Benin
• Kongo
• Asante

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Songhay1340-1591

• Initially farmers, herders, and fishers
• Foreign merchant community in Gao (gold)
• Powerful cavalry forces, expansive empire (1492)
• Fusion of Islamic and indigenous traditions

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Ming China1368-1644

• Mongols are gonesimilar to Russia
• Became more traditional not like Russia
• Naval expeditions then isolationist
• wasnt worth it
• Nomads were bigger threat
• Collected tribute
• Cash crops, like cotton

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Qing China1644-1911

• Pastoral nomads, Manchus, from north
• Manchus had highest positions
• Kept civil-service exams for promotion
• Traded with Europeans at off mainland islands and
  closely supervised at Canton
• Missionaries expelled
• Patriarchal
• Expanded tribute coloniesTaiwan, Mongolia,
  Tibet, Vietnam, Burma Nepal

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Tokugawa Japan1600-1853

• Cultural borrowing from China
• Emergence of warrior class and increasing civil
  wars
• Encounter with Portuguese-1543
• Isolation from West rise of Tokugawas
• Tokugawa elite followed development in West

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Rise of Gunpowder Empires

• Political developments loom larger this period
• Sea-based Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English
• Land-based Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
• These are major empires/political units/social
  system

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Ottoman1281-1914

• 1350s Initial Ottoman invasion of Europe
• 1453 Ottoman capture of Constantinople
• 1683 Ottoman siege of Vienna

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Safavid Persia1334-1722

• Founded by militant Sufis
• Broke away from Ottoman Empire, creating schism
  among Muslims
• Adopted Shia Islam
• Theocracy

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Mughal India1556-1739

• Empire based on military strength
• Akbar the Great-combined beliefs into new
  religion to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects
  Din-I-Ilahi
• Indian textile tradevalue to Europeans
• Patron of the arts Shah Jahan

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Empires Russia

• Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification and
  development
• Increasing absolutist rule and territorial
  expansion by 16th Century Ivan the Terrible
• Role of Russian Orthodox Church
• Peter the Great accelerated westernization process

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Portugal

• Search for maritime route to Asia
• Naval school
• Advanced naval technology caravels, astrolabe
  and compass

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Portugal

• Established fortresses along the Gold Coast
  sugar plantations and African slave labor
• Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi, Sofala
  and Kilwa, Calicut and Goa, and later Macao
• Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil sugar
  plantation

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Brazil Plantation colony

• Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas
  1494
• African slave labor used to support
  plantation complex (sugar)
• Largest producer of sugar in world first half of
  17th C.

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Spain

• Inquisition
• Reconquista ended with fall of Granada
  (1492)
• Columbus voyage
• Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru
• Took over existing tributary empires labor,
  silver, gold, and foodstuffs
• Demographic impact disease, death, and mestizos

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England

• Limited/constitutional monarchy
• Tudors
• Stuarts
• Civil War
• Commonwealth
• Glorious Revolution
• Bill of Rights
• Enlightenment ideas
• Colonies in Americas

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France

• Absolute Monarchy
• King Louis XIV
• I am the State
• Versailles
• Mercantilism
• Territorial expansion in Europe and colonies in
  Saint Domingue (Haiti) and New France (Quebec)

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Dutch

• Dutch East India Company
• 1660employed 12,000 people with 257 ships
• Sought monopolies and large profits
• North America (fur trade-Hudson River, New
  Amsterdam)
• Caribbean islands for plantations
• Capetown, South Africa way station
• Southeast Asia spice trade (nutmeg, cloves and
  pepper)

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Changing Beliefs

• Reformation
• Neo-Confucianism
• Missionaries Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

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Cultural and Intellectual Development

• Renaissance
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment

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Comparisons

• Be able to compare the following
• Imperial systems European monarchy vs. a
  land-based Asian empire
• Coercive labor systems
• Empire building in Asia, Africa and Europe
• Russias interaction with the West compared to
  others

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Conclusions

• What are the major themes that seem apparent?
• What global processes are in action?

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Trade

• Trade extended through all parts of the world
• Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes
  and attempts to control them through choke
  points- fail
• Europe uses American raw materials- especially
  silver-to trade with Asia
• Columbian Exchange

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Technology

• Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a
  result of the Crusades and experiments by Prince
  Henry the Navigator
• Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and
  cannons

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Demography

• Disease killed millions of native Americans
• Africans were forcibly transported to New World
  for work in plantation agriculture
• Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods were
  brought from New World
• Populations migrated to harsher climates as food
  crops became available
• Populations migrated from the Old World to the
  New World

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Social and Gender Structures

• Americas- Castas system
• Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals) Women in the
  harems wielded considerable power behind the
  scenes
• China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and the
  Scholar Gentry

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Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

• Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the
  power of the Catholic Church and challenges old
  beliefs
• China ends contact with the outside world as
  neo-Confucianism dominates

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Structure and Function of State

• Empire remains predominant political structure
• Coercive tribute system
• European states, such as Spain and Portugal but
  also France, England and the Dutch, perfect
  overseas empires by claiming territory in Western
  Hemisphere
• Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans, and Safavids are
  powerful land-based empires

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Trade- Cant live without it!

• Global trade is THE thing this time period!
• Core-periphery theory
• Core states are manufacturing states
• Periphery states provide raw materials
• Semi-periphery supply both
• Three core zones
• China
• India
• West

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Changes and Continuities

• Change The Americas are added to world trade
  network
• Change Europe becomes a Maritime area
• Continuity Trade is really important
• Continuity Religions continue to adapt to new
  times, but very important
• Continuity Diffusion of ideas and diseases as
  people come into contact with each other

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A WORLD OF EMPIRES1450-1750 CE