The Partition of Africa

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The Partition of Africa

• Chapter 27

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Exploring the Dark Continent

• Prior to the 1800s, little was known of Africa
  other than north of the Sahara and the western
  and southern coasts
• David Livingstone Scottish doctor and
  missionary, explored Africa starting in the 1840s
• Henry Stanley British journalist and explorer,
  searched for Livingston
• Reports of natural resources started a land grab
• By 1914, 90 of the continent was controlled by
  European countries

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Stanley and Livingstone
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North Africa

• Area north of the Sahara
• French areas
• 1830 King Charles X invades Algiers
• Abd al-Qadir leads resistance to the French
• 1840s French conquer Algiers
• Special rights granted in Morocco in 1904
• _at_ 1 million French citizens settle in French
  North Africa

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North Africa (cont.)

• British in Egypt and Sudan
• Early 1800s, Egypt independent Ottoman state
  under Muhammad Ali
• Ali began to modernize Egypt and grow cotton
• Suez Canal (Mediterranean and Red Seas)
• built by the French
• British bought from Egypt
• 1882, Egypt became a British protectorate
• Sudan resisted British control, taken over in
  1898 (help of better weapons like machine guns)
• Italy seizes Libya
• 1911 Italy takes Tripoli from the Ottoman Empire
  and renames it Libya

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West Africa

• West coast traded with Europe starting in the
  1500s (salt, gold, iron, slaves)
• European slave trade ends in 1800s, shift to
  trading palm oil, ivory, rubber, cotton, and
  cacao beans
• Steam ship quinine (malaria) allowed for easier
  travel inland
• Despite resistance, Britain and France conquer
  many of the lands
• Liberia was the only independent western state in
  1900 (ties to the U.S.)

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Central and East Africa

• Continued slave trade to Middle East and Asia
  after European slave trade ended
• Congo
• King Leopold II of Belgium makes the Congo his
  private plantation
• Destroyed the natural resources
• 1908 become the Belgian Congo
• Ethiopia
• Italy tries to conquer starting in the 1880s
• Emperor Menelik II put down Italian attempts
• Remained independent during imperialism

Leopold II
Menelik II
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King Leopolds Belgian Congo
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The Berlin Conference(1884 - 1885)

• 14 European countries (including the U.S.)
• Came together to prevent war between European
  nations in Africa
• European nations could lay claim to African lands
  if they told other European nations and could
  control the area
• African nations were not invited
• By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were free

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Southern Africa

• Dutch settled Cape Town in 1652 (Afrikaners or
  Boers)
• British took over area in early 1800s
• Ended slavery, angered Afrikaners
• 1830s Great Trek
• Boers left to create their own states (Transvaal
  and Orange Free State)
• Conflict with Zulus
• Afrikaners fought Zulu nation over land rights
• British became involved and eventually defeated
  the Zulu nation

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Southern Africa (continued)

• Boer War (1899 1902)
• British colonists moved into Boer territory
  looking for gold and diamonds
• Boers resisted British control and fought back
• Fighting included total war and concentration
  camps
• Union of South Africa (1910)
• After British victory in the Boer War, South
  Africa would all eventually be unified under
  British control
• Constitution made it almost impossible for
  non-whites to vote

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Total War and Concentration Camps of the Boer War
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Cecil Rhodes the Colossus of South Africa
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Effects of Imperialism in Africa

• Imperialists profited from mines, plantations,
  factories, ports, cheap labor, and taxes
• Schools taught Western ideals
• Most Africans accepted some European ideas while
  holding on to their own cultures
• Western taught elite pushes for independence that
  will be won throughout the 20th century

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