Topic: World Health Threats

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Topic World Health Threats

• Aim How do countries undergo an epidemiologic
  transition?
• Do Now Describe what you feel are some of the
  greatest health threats to the United States and
  the World today.

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Epidemiology

• Branch of medicine concerned with the incidence,
  distribution, and control of diseases that affect
  large numbers of people
• Rely heavily on geographic concepts such as scale
  and connection
• Epidemiologic Transition Model Focuses on the
  specific causes of death in each stage of the
  demographic transition

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World Health Map

• http//www.healthmap.org/en/

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Stage 1- pestilence and famine

• Infectious parasitic disease key causes of
  human death (e.g. - the Black Plague of
  1348/1349)
• About 25 million Europeans died, ½ of the
  continents population
• Huge impact on economic, social, and political
  makeup of nations

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Stage 2- Receding Pandemics

• Pandemic disease that occurs over a wide
  geographic area and affects a high proportion of
  a given population
• HIV/AIDS in Africa (modern day), Cholera in the
  Nineteenth Century

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• Cholera was a recurring scourge for decades. A
  second cholera outbreak in New York in 1849
  killed 5,071 out of a population of 500,000. Then
  John Snow, a British physician, plotted the
  locations of cholera cases during an outbreak in
  England in 1854, showing that it was associated
  with contaminated water. With the advances in
  knowledge and sanitation, a third cholera
  outbreak in New York in 1866 was much less
  deadly. Only 591 people died, out of a population
  of 850,000.Photo New York Historical Society

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• Cholera in the Nineteenth Century
• Distribution of cholera victims and water pumps
  to prove that the cause of the infection was
  contamination of the pump near the corner of
  Broad and Lexington streets

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The highest rates of HIV infection are in
sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have
relatively high numbers of HIV-positive adults,
but they constitute a lower percentage of the
total population.
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Stages 3 4 Degenerative Human-Created
Diseases

• Decrease in deaths from infectious disease
  (Polio, AIDS, Cholera, Yellow Fever, etc), and
  increase in deaths from chronic disorders,
  primarily heart diseases and various cancers
• Stage 4 (Olshansky, Ault) is simply delayed
  degenerative diseases to do medical advances

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Stage 5- Reemergence of Stage 1

• Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.
  3 possible factors
• Evolution diseases genetically evolve to be
  resistant to medicine (i.e.- Malaria)
• Poverty Diseases that are expensive to cure
  affect LCDs the most (i.e.- Tuberculosis)
• Improved Travel/Globalization Increased travel
  within countries and between them causes increase
  in spread of infectious disease

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Death from tuberculosis is a good indicator of a
country's ability to invest in health care,
because treating the disease is expensive.
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The first cases of avian flu were recorded in
Southeast Asia.
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Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats?

• Health Care
• Health conditions vary around the world,
  primarily, because countries possess different
  resources to care for people who are sick.
• Expenditures on Health Care
• More than 15 percent of total government
  expenditures in Europe and North America.
• Less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and
  South Asia.

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• Health Care Systems
• Developed Countries
• Public service available at little or no cost.
• Government pays more than 70 percent of
  health-care costs in most European countries, and
  private individuals pay about 30 percent of the
  expense.
• Developing Countries
• Private individuals must pay more than half of
  the cost of health care.
• U.S. is an exception to these generalizations,
  because private individuals are required to pay
  about 55 percent of health care costs making it
  more closely resemble a developing country, in
  regards to health care.

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HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES The lowest levels of per
capita health care expenditure are in sub-Saharan
Africa and South Asia.
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• This document, written by the Edinburgh Board of
  Health in Scotland and distributed in New York
  during the cholera epidemic of 1832, reflects
  misunderstandings of the disease at the time.
  "Remedies" like laudanum -- morphine -- were
  ineffective at best at worst, they added to the
  suffering of the victims. Most doctors did not
  believe that cholera was contagious among people,
  but rather arose from "miasmas," or noxious
  vapors of decaying organic matter. Certain
  activities like drinking of alcohol were believed
  to make one more susceptible to cholera.

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• One-third of the reported cases came from New
  York's Sixth Ward -- the five-sided blue section
  on the map -- which encompassed Five Points. In
  1832, New York's population of a quarter million
  people was concentrated below 14th Street 3,515
  died in the cholera epidemic.Photo New York
  Historical Society

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60 Minutes-Bill Melina Gates

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v2VdMqmVtnOM