1. ???? r = M/V

1
??1 ???? (????1)
?? ????????????????????? ?? 1. ???? r M/V
?? V (?? L, ?? r) ????, ???(calipers),
???(micrometer)
(??A????) ?? M ?????,?????? (??B) ???? 2.
???????? r h/2 s2/6h ?? h
?????(spherometer) (??C) ?? s ????? 3. ?????
x n/Dt (?????????/a, b, g??) ??? ???,
???? ?? ???? ??? x ???????(Geiger
counter) ???? ???? (1-1)

2
?????? A ???????(data)?? (?)????????? L
???? L1 22.1 mm ??????, ?????? ??
??????(SI Systeme Internationale) ?? m
(?/??/meter), 1 mm 1 x 10-3 m
(??/millimeter) ?? kg (??/??/kilogram), l kg
1 x 103 g ?? s (?/second) ?????(precision)
??????(significant figures) ? ? 0.1 mm
100 mm ??????? 1 mm, ??????? ??? 0.01 mm
10 mm ??? 0.001 mm 1 mm (micrometer) G 109,
M 106, k 103, c 10-2, m 10-3, m 10-6, n
10-9 (1-2)
3
B ????(experimental errors) 1. ????(systematic
error) --?? ????????????????? --??
?????(??, ??, ??, ???.) --?? ?????????
2. ??/????(statistical/random error)
--??????????????????????? C. ???????? 1. ??
???n??? x1, x2, , xn (?) ???16?(Li i
1-16) 21.7 mm x 1, 21.8 mm x 4, 21.9
mm x 5, 22.0 mm x 3, 22.1 mm x 2, 22.3 mm x 1.
???(mean, average value)(????) x
(x1 x2 xn)/n Sixi /n (?) L
21.93 mm 16?????, ?????(accuracy)??
0.01mm, ???????? (1-3)
4
??(deviation) di xi - x ???(standard
deviation) s (Sidi2 /n)1/2 ???n???,
????, ??? s Sidi2 /(n - 1)1/2
(???uncertainty/??????accuracy) x
x ? s or x x ? s/x () (?) L L ? s
21.93 ? 0.16 mm 21.93 mm ? 0.73
?????(standard deviation of the mean) ??? N
? n ???, ? N ????, ????????(?????) ?? N 1,
?????? s(x) s/?n Sidi2 /n(n-1)1/2
x x ? s(x) x ? s(x)/x ( or
ppm/part per million) (?) ? N 1, n 16
L L ? s(L) 21.93 ? 0.04 mm
21.93 mm ? 0.18 (?) ???? me 9.1093897 x
10-31 kg (uncertainty 0.59 ppm) (?) ?? c
2.99792548 x 108 m/s (exact by definition)(1983)
????????? 3.00 x 108 m/s (1-4)
5
?? ??(histogram) ??????? n(Ln)???
L L ? s 21.93 ? 0.16 mm
???????, ????????????(normal distribution) ??????
(Gaussian distribution) PG(x) ? exp -(x -
x)2/2s x x ????, x x ? s ??68??, x x ?
2s ??95.5??. (1-5)
6
2. ????(error propagation) ???????????
?? ??? x ? y x ? y ?? s(x
? y)2 s(x)2 s(y)2 (????, ??????)
?? ??? xy x.y x/y x /y
?? s(xy)/xy2 s(x)/x2 s(y)/y2
s(x/y)/x/y2 s(x)/x2
s(y)/y2 (???????????, ????,
??????) (?) ? V L3, L
21.93 mm ? 0.18 2.193 cm ? 0.18
(????????????, ????????) V 10547
mm3 ? 0.33 10.547 cm3 ? 0.33
(???????, ?? ?3 x 0.18) (1-6)
7
???? ?? 1.???, ??????(Pb)? ???? 2.???,
???(Pb foil)?? ???? 3.???????? ??, ??, ???,
?????? ??? 1. Po210 (a??/????)
??(activity) 0.1 mCi 1 Ci (Curie/??) 3.7 x
1010 ??/s ??? 128? ?????? lt0.5 mrem/h
rem Roentgem Equivalent in Man
???X?
??????? 0.5 rem/year 500 mrem/y
1 rem 1 rad (radiation absorbed
dose) x
RBE (Roentgem Bio-Equilivant)
10 mJ/kg x RBE(1, except
neutrons) 2. Sr90 (b??/??) 0.1 mCi, 29?,
lt0.5 mrem/h 3. Co60 (g??/????) 1 mCi, 5?, lt0.5
mrem/h (1-7)