Jeffersonian America

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Jeffersonian America

• Did Jefferson abandon his principles for the good
  of the nation?

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I. The Adams Presidency

• XYZ Affair
• Adams sent diplomats to France b/c they were
  raiding U.S. ships
• French demanded bribe
• Quasi-war w/ France
• Alien and Sedition Acts
• Targeted DR opposition
• Violated 1st Amendment
• Virginia Kentucky Resolutions
• Nullification
• States rights

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II. Election of 1800

• Bitter campaign between Jefferson and Adams
• Republicans tie in the Electoral College
• House of Representatives chooses Jefferson Burr
  becomes VP
• 12th Amendment added to Constitution

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Election of 1800
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Jeffersons Inaugural Address

• We have called by different names brethren of
  the same principles. We are all republicanswe
  are all federalists.
• peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all
  nations, entangling alliances with none
• the support of the State governments in all
  their rights, as the most competent
  administrations for our domestic concerns and the
  surest bulwarks against antirepublican
  tendencies
• a well disciplined militia, our best reliance
  in peace and for the first moments of war, till
  regulars may relieve them the supremacy of the
  civil over the military authority
• encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce
  as its handmaid

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III. Jeffersons Principles

• Had faith in the common man (the farmer)
• Repealed Naturalization Act and allowed Alien and
  Sedition Acts to expire
• Repealed the excise tax on liquor
• Reduced military expenditures and the national
  debt
• Supported states rights

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IV. The Louisiana Purchase

• 1800, secret pact signed
• Bonaparte induced Spain to cede immense region of
  Louisiana, including New Orleans
• Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew warehouse
  rights guaranteed by Pinckney's Treaty of 1795
• Hoping to quiet clamor in West, Jefferson in 1803
  sent James Monroe to Paris to work with Robert
  Livingstone, the regular minister there

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IV. The Louisiana Purchase

• Instructed to buy New Orleans and as much land as
  possible for 10 million
• Napoleon suddenly decided to abandon dream of New
  World empire and sell all of Louisiana
• Failed in effort to reconquer sugar-rich island
  of Santo Domingo (Haiti)
• Slaves struck for freedom in 1791
• Haitian Revolution eventually crushed, but yellow
  fever killed thousands of French troops

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IV. The Louisiana Purchase

• Without Haiti, no need for Louisiana's food
  supplies.
• To keep Louisiana from British, Napoleon decided
  to sell it and use money for schemes in Europe.
• Livingston was shocked when French asked him what
  he would give for all of Louisiana
• On April 30, 1803, treaties signed ceding
  Louisiana to United States for about 15 million

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IV. The Louisiana Purchase

• Treaties included immense tract to west of New
  Orleans that would more than double size of
  U.S.A.
• Once again, two Jeffersons wrestled with each
  other
• The theorist and former strict constructionist
  versus the democratic visionary
• Jefferson submitted treaties to Senate, while
  privately admitting purchase was unconstitutional
• Gained 828,000 square miles at three cents an
  acre

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IV. Louisiana Purchase
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IV. Louisiana Purchase

• Impact of Louisiana Purchase
• Secured western half of richest river valley in
  world laid foundation of a future major power
• Established valuable precedent for future
  expansion on basis of equal membership
• Imperialism with a new democratic face
• Would lead to displacement of many Indians
• Made isolationist principles of Washington's
  Farewell operational because remove Europe from
  N. America

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IV. Louisiana Purchase

• Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery
• 1804 Jefferson sent personal secretary,
  Meriwether Lewis, and army officer William Clark
  to explore northern part of Louisiana
• Exploration took 2 ½ years
• Rich harvest of scientific observation, maps,
  knowledge of Indians, and adventure stories
• Demonstrated viability of overland trail to
  Pacific

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V. Barbary Wars

• Fought between the US and the N. African Muslim
  states known collectively as the Barbary States
• Head of Tripoli demanded as tribute from
  American merchant vessels
• Jefferson refused

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V. Barbary Wars

• Showdown came in 1801-1805, Tripolitan War
• Jefferson sent infant army to shores of Tripoli
• Four years of intermittent fighting
• Succeeded in extorting treaty of peace from
  Tripoli in 1805 bargain price of 60,000 (ransom
  payment for captured Americans

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VI. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

• British impressment of American sailors
  recommences
• Forced conscription of sailors by British
• Some 6,000 U.S. citizens impressed by Britain
  (1808 to 1811)
• The crew of the Leopard pursued, attacked and
  boarded the American frigate Chesapeake looking
  for deserters from the Royal Navy, killing 3
  Americans

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VII. Embargo Act, 1807

• Prevented US from engaging in foreign trade
• Federalists -gt ?
• Hurt US economy and Jeffersons reputation
• Non-Intercourse Act opened up traded with all
  nations except Britain and France

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VIII. War of 1812 - Causes

• British impressment of US sailors
• American Embargo
• Macon's Bill 2
• - America dropped its embargo with France
• British supporting/arming Shawnee Confederation
• Battle of Tippecanoe
• Republican War Hawks in Congress
  nationalist/expansionist
• Major Issues
• 1) Nationalism and land hunger
• 2) British impressment
• 3) Indian atrocities
• Despite pleas from New England Federalists,
  Madison asked Congress for a war declaration on
  June 18, 1812.

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Competing Visions

• WAR HAWKS AND THEIR CRITICS

War Hawks accused British of arming Native
Americans and inciting them to attack American
settlers.
Critics argued that conflicts with Native
Americans resulted from settlers encroachment on
their lands.
Why did Westerners believe that the British were
encouraging Indian violence against Americans?
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IX. War of 1812

• Regular U.S. army ill-trained, ill-disciplined,
  and scattered
• Canada was important battleground because British
  forces were weakest there
• America's offensive strategy failed
• Control of Great Lakes was vital
• American officer Oliver Hazard Perry's victory on
  Lake Erie infused new life into American cause

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IX. War of 1812

• A second British force of 4,000 landed in
  Chesapeake Bay area in August 1814.
• Set buildings on fire, including Capitol White
  House.
• Americans at Baltimore held firm
• British hammered Fort McHenry, but unable to take
  city
• Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled
  Banner
• American victory in Battle of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson becomes national hero
• Treaty of Ghent, signed on Christmas Eve, 1814
  was essentially an armistice.

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X. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford
Convention

• New England extremists proposed secession or at
  least separate peace with Britain _at_ Hartford
  Convention
• Demands reflected Federalist fears that New
  England was becoming subservient to South West
• Demanded financial assistance from Washington to
  compensate for lost trade
• Proposed constitutional amendments requiring 2/3
  vote in Congress before an embargo could be
  imposed, new states admitted, or war declared
• In light of American victories, Federalists were
  seen as traitors, and never regained political
  power

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XI. 1812 War - Results

• War of 1812 a small war
• 6,000 Americans killed or wounded
• Globally unimportant, war had huge consequences
  for United States
• Other nations developed new respect for America's
  prowess thanks to Perry Macdonough
• In diplomatic sense, conflict could be called 2nd
  War for American Independence

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XI. 1812 War - Results

• Sectionalism increased
• Federalists party died (but ideas were absorbed
  by Republicans)
• War heroes emergedJackson and Harrisonboth
  later became president.
• In economic sense, war bred greater U.S.
  independence through increased manufacturing.