Ideas%20and%20Movements,%20ca%201840s

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• Ideas and Movements, ca 1840s
• Manifest Destiny was a term used in the 1840s to
  justify the United States' westward expansion
  into such areas as Texas, Oregon, and California.
  There was a widely held underlying belief that
  Americans, the "chosen people," had a divinely
  inspired mission to spread the fruits of their
  democracy to the less fortunate (usually meaning
  Native Americans and other non-Europeans).
• The idea of an almost religious Manifest Destiny
  was a common staple in the speeches and newspaper
  articles of the time. Most of the exponents of
  expansion were Democrats, but some Whigs (and
  later Republicans) were also supporters.
• Manifest Destiny was later applied to American
  interests in the Caribbean and the Pacific,
  sharing much with the practice of imperialism.
• Critics, both at that time and today, saw the
  Manifest Destiny rationale as a thinly veiled
  attempt to put an acceptable face on taking lands
  from other peoples. Motives were often described
  as well-intentioned efforts to improve the lot of
  backward masses, but in truth the motivators were
  greed and control.

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Chp. 12 Review Notes

• ESQ How did the policy of Manifest Destiny
  affect US Expansion?
• Manifest Destiny possess the whole continent
  (Atlantic to Pacific)
• Oregon Trail (1840) 5-6 month trip to western
  territory
• Many died from disease, overwork, hunger,
  accidents
• 1844 Election Polk (Democrat) vs. Clay (Whig)
• Polk Fifty-four Forty or Fight slogan set
  northern latitude for Oregon
• Clay no stand on Oregon issue lost him
  election
• 49 latitude would become border btwn
  Oregon/Canada in 1846

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Chp. 12 Review Notes

• ESQ How did the addition of Texas affect US
  Expansion?
• 4. Texas
• Settled by Stephen Austin (1820s)
• Tension American settlers outnumber Mexicans
  not adopt Mexican ways
• 1830 Mexico stop U.S. immigration
• 1833 Santa Anna President of Mexico later
  dictator (1824)
• Alamo mission outside San Antonio (1836)
• Texans lost but inflicted damage
• Mar. 2, 1836 Texas independent Republic of
  Texas
• Sept. 1836 ask for U.S. annexation
• Jackson/Van Buren refuse upset balance btwn
  slave and free states
• 1841 Tyler renewed debate
• 1844 Polk pushed Texas state Dec. 29, 1845

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Chp. 12 Review Notes

• ESQ How did the addition more western lands
  affect US Expansion?
• 5. New Mexico Territory
• Part of Mexico, largely governed by themselves
• New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, parts of Colorado,
  Utah
• 6. California
• Colonized by missionaries 1760s
• 1821 state in Mexican nation
• 1833 mission system established
• 1840s Americans settlers enter territory
• Polk offered to buy California and New Mexico
  from Mexico refused
• U.S. would take later by force

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Chp. 12 Review Notes

• ESQ How did the conflict with Mexico affect
  Manifest Destiny?
• 7. War with Mexico
• May 1846 U.S. declare war with Mexico
• Polk plan one section at a time
• Feb. 1847 secure Texas border
• Aug. 1846 secure New Mexico Territory
• July 1846-47 annex California
• Sept. 1847 U. S. take Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb. 1848)
• Mexico give up Texas, Rio Grande as border, gave
  Calif/New Mexico to U.S.
• Gadsden Purchase (1853) 10 million to Mexico
  (U.S. mainland reached present size)

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Chp. 12 Review Notes

• ESQ How did the discovery of Gold affect western
  expansion?
• 8. Gold Rush
• 1848-1849 California forty-niners
• Boomtowns overnight communities grew
• Ghost towns communities abandoned
• More than doubled worlds gold supply
• Few forty-niners found lasting wealth
• 9. California population
• 1848 approx. 20,000 by 1852 approx. 220,000
• President Zachary Taylor urge Calif. apply for
  statehood
• Debate over slave/free state
• Congress compromise Calif. enter as free state
  African Americans cant vote
• 1850 California became a state (free states
  outnumber slave states)

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Chp. 12 Review Notes

• ESQ How did the addition of Utah affect western
  expansion?
• 10. Utah
• Religious refuge (Mormons)
• 1846 approx. 12,000 Mormons migrate to Great
  Salt Lake
• Single largest migration in American history
• 1850 Congress established Utah Territory
• President Millard Fillmore appoint Bringham Young
  as governor
• 1896 Utah gained statehood

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Chp. 12 Notes

• Ticket Out the Door (3-2-1)
• On the paper provided write the following
• 3 facts about Manifest Destiny
• 2 things youve learned about the US in the
  1840s
• 1- question you have about this time period in US
  history.

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• I didn't know I was a slave until I found out I
  couldn't do the things I wanted.
• -Frederick Douglass
• 1. Who was Frederick
• Douglass?
• 2. What did he mean by
• this statement?
• 3. What inferences can you
• make about his life based
• on this statement?

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• THE NORTH
• 1.Norths Economy mainly technology, industry
• 2. 3 Phases of Industry
• a. manufacturing divided tasks
• b. factories for specialized workers
• c. factories use machines (water power)
• 3. Mass Production
• a. Elias Howe 1843 sewing machine
• b. 1860 74,000 factories 2/3 U.S.
  manufactured goods

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ
• 4. Transportation
• a. steamboats/ships 1807 Robert Fulton,
  changed river travel
• b . cheaper/quicker
• c. 1860 3,000 steamboats on major rivers
• d. clipper ships 1840s sail 300mi/day ex.
  Flying Cloud
• e. locomotives early stages connected mines to
  rivers, pulled by horses
• f. 1829 Rocket 1st steam powered locomotive
  (Britain)
• g. Railway Network
• 1. 1840 U.S. 3000 miles of track
• 2. 1860 U.S. 31,000 miles of track
  (North/Midwest)
• a. NYC-------Buffalo, Phila.---------Pittsburg
  h
• h. Canals
• 1. Erie Canal (1825)
• 2. goods traveled faster/cheaper prices down

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ
• 5. Communication
• a. telegraph electric signals transmit messages
• b. Morse Code series dots/dashes represent
  alphabet
• c. Samuel Morse American inventor 1st to send
  telegraph message
• d. 1860 U.S. 50,000 miles of telegraph lines
• f. 1846 Richard Hoe steam cylinder rotary
  press newspapers
• 6. Agriculture improvements
• a. steel-tipped plow John Deere 1837
• b. mechanical reaper thresher
• c. Cyrus McCormick patented reaper in 1834
• f. North stays focused on Industry

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ
• 7. Northern Factories
• a. early 1800s factory system Lowell,
  Massachusetts
• b. working conditions bad------worse (11.4
  hr/day 1840)
• c. trade unions group of workers w/same
  skill/trade
• d. strikes refusing to work (1800 illegal, 1842
  MA 1st state legal)
• e. African American workers
• 1. prejudice unfair opinion not based on fact
• 2. discrimination unfair treatment of
  individual/group
• 3. 1820 almost zero slavery in North
  segregation common
• f. Women workers paid less than men, excluded
  from unions

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ
• 8. Rise of Cities
• a. location of factories jobs population
  rise
• b. 1840 14 population in North cities (1860
  26)
• c. 1860 NYC (largest) 1 million Philly
  500,000
• d. dangerous/difficult living conditions
• 9. Immigration 1840-1860 dramatic rise
• a. immigrants long hours/low pay
• b. largest group from Ireland
• c. brought language, culture, religion to
  America
• d. nativists people opposed to immigration
• 10. New Political Party American Party (1850s)
  Know-Nothing Party
• a. secret anti-Catholic Society strict
  citizenship laws

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• Knowledge makes a man unfit to be a slave. ?
  Frederick Douglass
• What does this mean?
• Why is knowledge so important?

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ How did the development of the South differ
  from the development of the North?
• THE SOUTH
• 1.Upper South Maryland, Virginia, North
  Carolina
• 2. Deep South Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama,
  Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas
• 3. Cotton Kingdom slave labor
• 4. Cotton Gin 1793 Eli Whitney
• a. removed seeds from cotton fibers
• b. could produce more cotton per day of
  slaves UP profit UP

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ What affect did industry have on the
  development of the South?
• 5. Industry
• a. limited role in economy agriculture rural
• b. barriers to industry
• 1. cotton sales UP profit
• 2. lack of capital () to develop industries
• 3. smaller market for manufactured goods
• 4. southerners did not want industry
• 6. Southern Factories
• a. William Gregg 1844 textile factory in South
  Carolina

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ How did changes in transportation affect the
  development of the South?
• 7. Transportation
• a. natural waterways to transport goods
• b. towns along coasts/rivers roads poor
• c. short/local railroads did not connect
  region (1860 1/3 RR in South)
• 8. Small Farmers/Rural Poor
• a. 4 categories of Southern people
  yeomen(largest group), tenant farmers, rural
  poor, plantation owners

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• ESQ How did slavery affect the development of
  the South?
• 9. Plantations
• a. several thousand acres measured wealth by
  of slaves
• 10. Life Under Slavery
• a. hard work 0 and zero hope for freedom
• b. field hands work sun up to sun down, age 10
  ready to work
• c. family life no laws for protection sold at
  any time
• d. 1808 Congress outlawed slave trade (practice
  of slavery was still legal in south)
• e. slave codes laws in South to control slaves
  (1700s)
• f. Underground Railroad network of people
  against slavery safe route to North

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Chp. 13 Review Notes

• 11. Southern Cities 1860 Baltimore 212,000
  New Orleans 168,000 population
• a. Free African Americans approx. 250,000
  population in southern cities
• 1. in cities segregated communities
• b. 1830-1860 laws in south passed to limit
  personal rights

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Slave Narratives

• Answer the following questions in your
  composition book based on the narrative that you
  read. Please use POQ for each answer.
• Who did you read about?
• Approximately how old was the person you read
  about?
• From the narrative, how much formal education, if
  any, do you think your person had? Explain your
  choice.
• Describe the story you read what does the
  person tell you about their life?
• Choose at least one specific piece of text
  write it down then explain what it means.
• What did you learn about the experiences of
  slaves from reading your narrative?

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• Cautious, careful people, always casting about
  to preserve their reputations... can never effect
  a reform.
• Susan B. Anthony
• What does she mean by this statement?
• Why does she think cautious people cant change
  anything?

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• 12. Social Reform
• a. utopias communities based on a vision of a
  perfect society
• 1. 1825 Robert Owen, New Harmony, Indiana
  village dedicated to cooperation rather than
  competition among members
• b. Second Great Awakening early 1800s wave of
  religious enthusiasm, included revivals
  meetings of people from all areas listening to
  preachers, praying, singing etc. about social
  reform
• c. temperance drinking little or no alcohol
• 1. Lyman Beecher Connecticut preacher
  crusader against alcohol
• 2. temperance movement - gained support 1851
  Mass. passed law banning alcohol

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• d. Education Reform
• 1. Horace Mann lawyer became the head of Mass.
  Board of Education in 1837 longer school year,
  improvements in curriculum, better training/pay
  for teachers
• 2. 1850s 3 basic principles of public
  education 1) free/supported by taxes 2)teachers
  should be trained 3)children should be required
  to attend
• 3. Higher Education many colleges/universities
  created
• 4. Dorthea Dix teacher visited prisons 1841
  found poor conditions many prisoners not guilty
  of a crime but mentally ill
• e. Transcendentalists stressed the
  relationship between humans and nature as well
  as the importance of the individual conscience
• 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
  -writers
• 2. Thoreau civil disobedience refusing to
  obey laws he felt were unjust
• 3. Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Toms Cabin
  novelinjustice of slavery

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• 13. Abolitionists
• a. Abolitionists reformers who worked to end
  slavery
• 1. Constitutional Convention 1787 compromise
  each state decide
• b. American Colonization Society formed in
  1816 worked to free slaves by buying them and
  sending them back to Africa (Liberia colony
  then country in 1847 12,000) or to the
  Caribbean
• c. William Lloyd Garrison 1831 founded The
  Liberantor antislavery newspaper in Boston
• d. Sarah and Angelina Grimke born in SC to
  slaveholding family moved to Philly 1832
• e. Frederick Douglass self taught read/write
  escaped slavery in Maryland 1838 joined
  Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society traveled
  speaking about ending slavery
• f. Sojourner Truth AKA Isabella Baumfree
  escaped in 1826 gained official freedom in 1827
  when NY banned slavery abolitionist and
  advocate for womens rights

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• 14. Underground Railroad
• a. UGRR network of escape routes for runaway
  slaves from South to North
• b. Popularity of Railroad used terms as code
  ex. conductor helpers/guides Harriet Tubman
  one of the most famous conductors
• c. Songs/Spirituals had hidden meanings
  Follow the Drinkin Gourd
• d. Opposition many people (N and S) saw
  antislavery movements as threats to the nations
  economy

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• Men, their rights, and nothing more women,
  their rights, and nothing less. -Susan B.
  Anthony
• What does this mean?
• Suffrage is the pivotal right. - Susan B.
  Anthony
• What is suffrage?
• Why does she think it is such an important right
  for women?

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• 15. Womens Movement
• a. Lucretia Mott Quaker fought for equal
  rights
• b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton abolitionists joined
  Mott in fight for equal rights
• c. Seneca Falls Convention July 1848 Seneca
  Falls, NY womens rights convention
• 1. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
• a. end all laws that discriminated against women
• b. demanded women be allowed to enter trades,
  professions, businesses
• c. suffrage fighting for the right to vote
• d. Susan B. Anthony Quaker abolitionist from
  NY worked for womens rights/temperance college
  training and coeducation teaching boys and
  girls together
• e. Elizabeth Blackwell turned down by 20
  schools before being accepted to Geneva College
  to study medicine
• f. Some gains of the movement
• 1. marriage/property laws women could own
  property after marriage in several states
• 2. share guardianship of children in several
  states