Fundamental Particle Definitions

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Fundamental Particle Definitions

1. Matter anything that takes up space and has
   mass
2. Atom smallest whole particle known to man
3. Element any substance that can not be broken
   down into other substances by chemical reactions
4. Compound two or more elements that have
   combined in a fixed ratio
5. Trace element elements in minute quantities

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1. Neutrons a subatomic particle with a neutral
   charge
2. Protons a subatomic particle which has a
   positive charge
3. Electrons a subatomic particle that has a
   negative charge
4. Dalton a unit of measurement for neutrons and
   protons (1.7 x 10-24)
5. Atomic number the number of protons in the
   nucleus
6. Atomic weight the total atomic mass of an
   element
7. Isotope an atom that varies its form by
   changing the number of neutrons in the element

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• Energy the ability to do work
• Potential energy stored energy due to position
  or location
• Electron shells the different states of
  potential energy for electrons in an atom
• Orbital the 3d space in which an electron is
  found 90 of the time, probable location.
• Valence electrons the outer most shell of
  electrons
• Covalent bonds atoms that combine
• by sharing valance electrons

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1. Electronegativity the attraction of an atom for
   the electrons of a covalent bond
2. Ionic bond a type of bonding in which one atom
   strips away an electron from another atom
3. Ion a charged atom
4. Hydrogen bond occurs when a hydrogen atom
   covalently bonded to 1 electronegative atom is
   also attracted to another electronegative atom
5. Chemical reaction the making and breaking of
   chemical bonds
6. Reactants the starting materials in a chemical
   reaction
7. Products the result of a chemical reaction

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Matter

• Matter consists of chemical elements-anything
  which occupies space and has mass.
• Matter is found in two ways pure-form or
  compounds
• The Greeks first proposed four elements that made
  matter earth, air, fire, and water.
• Scientists later discovered 92 naturally
  occurring elements
• They can be man-made or naturally occurring
• Two or more elements may combine to form
  compounds
• They can be found naturally in three ways called
  phases solid, liquid, and gas

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1.
What were the first four elements?

• Earth
• Air
• Fire
• Water

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Solid Liquid or Gas?
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2
3
4
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Atoms Movie
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Elements

• There are 92 known elements (naturally occurring)
• These elements are found on the periodic table of
  the elements
• Some different elements combine together to form
  compounds
• Table salt is a compound made up of sodium and
  chlorine
• It is written using the abbreviation NaCl
• Na Sodium and Cl chlorine
• The 92 elements are found on the periodic table
  of the elements

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Symbols for Elements

• Symbols are letters that represent the elements
  on the periodic table
• 1. If only a single letter, it is
  Capitalized.
• 2. If two letters, the 1st is Capitalized and
  
• the 2nd is lower case.
• Example Ca not CA

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Periodic Table of the Elements

• Check out the initials for Aluminum in this
  example off of the Periodic Table

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Al
26.98154
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Periodic Table of the Elements

• The number of protons in an atom is listed above
  each abbreviation. It is called the Atomic Number.

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Al
26.98154
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Periodic Table of the Elements

• The number listed underneath the abbreviation is
  the Atomic Weight.

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Al
26.98154
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C Hopkins café mighty-good food never closed
zundays.
Element Acronym

• C-Carbon Ca-Calcium
• H-Hydrogen Fe-Iron
• O-Oxygen Mg-Magnesium
• P-Phosphorus F-Fluorine
• K-Potassium Na-Sodium
• I-Iodine Cl-Chlorine
• N-Nitrogen Zn-Zinc
• S-Sulfur

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Atoms and Molecules
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Atomic Structure

• The atom is the smallest unit to have properties
  of an element
• About one million fit onto a period at the end of
  a sentence
• They are comprised of neutrons, protons, and
  electrons
• Neutrons and protons are neatly packed in the
  nucleus
• Neutrons and Protons have almost exactly the same
  mass
• Each one has the mass of 1.7 x 10-24 grams
• Electrons are 1/2000 the size of and N
• The number of protons unique to an element is the
  atomic number
• The atomic mass is the total of protons and
  neutrons in the nucleus
• Proton 1.007 Daltons Neutron 1.009 Daltons

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Atomic Particles
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Structure of an Atom
Electron (electron cloud)
Proton
Mass Number Protons Neutrons
Atomic Number Number of protons
Neutron
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Isotopes

• When the number of protons in an atom changes it
  becomes a different element
• Atom is electrically neutral when there are more
  neutrons than protons
• Atoms of the same element that have a different
  number of neutrons are called isotopes
• Ex. C12 6p 6n C14 6p 8n

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Ions

• Electrically charged atoms are called Ions
• The number of protons is not equal to the number
  of electrons
• Ions are attracted to each other when they have
  opposite charges
• Ex. Na Cl- NaCl salt
• Ex. Na F- Sodium Fluoride for
  toothpaste

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Combinations of Atoms
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• Atoms combine by sharing their outermost
  electrons in their electron clouds
• When two atoms are combined a molecule is formed

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Bonds

• Ionic Bond Positive and Negative ions combine
  and electrons are transferred
• Ex. NaCl
• Covalent Bond Electrons are shared
• Ex. H2O

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Name that term..

• 1. What is the smallest particle to possess the
  qualities of an element?
• 2. Where are and n found in an atom?
• 3. How do you know how many electrons are in an
  atom?
• 4. What does the atomic number represent?
• 5. What does the atomic mass represent?