Bio-Chemistry

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Bio-Chemistry
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Energy and Metabolism

• Metabolism- sum of all the chemical activities
  taking place in an organism. Two types anabolism
  and catabolism
• Anabolism complex molecules are synthesized from
  simpler substances
• Ex. Linking amino acids to form proteins
• Endergonic and requires ATP or some other energy
  source to drive them
• Ex. Dehydration synthesis
• Endergonic reactions are
• exothermic reactions (energy released)
• PE of products is less than the
• PE of reactants

Activation energy
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• Catabolism- releases energy by splitting complex
  molecules into smaller molecules
• Ex. Polysaccharides? monosaccharides
• Exergonic reaction releases energy, from higher
  to lower free energy
• Ex. Hydrolysis
• A chemical reaction would be endothermic if the
  amount of free energy of the products is less
  than that of the reactants

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Protein structures

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

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Proteins

• Actin- the protein of which microfilaments
  consist. Actin, together with protein myosin, is
  responsible for muscle contraction
• Actin filaments- thin filaments
• Myosin
• Insulin
• Pepsin
• Aquaporins
• ATP synthase
• Hemoglobins

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Enzymes

• Biological catalysts
• Proteins, RNA, and ribozymes
• Increase rate of reaction
• Do not enter reaction
• Reduce activation energy
• Required for most biological reactions
• Substrate- reactant which binds to enzyme,
  enzyme-substrate complex temporary
• Product- end result of reaction
• Active site enzymes catalytic site
• Induced- fit model
• Enzymes have allosteric sites to which an
  allosteric regulator binds, changing the enzymes
  activity.
• Feedback inhibition
• Reversible inhibition- noncompetitive and
  competitive
• Irreversible inhibition
• Enzymes are specific
• Enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH
• Enzymes require cofactors coenzyme A
• Enzymes lowers a reactions activation energy

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Water Properties

• Water has adhesion/ cohesion properties
• Transpiration-pull cohesion tension
• Capillary action
• Surface tension
• Water has high specific heat/ high heat of
  vaporization
• Water is the universal solvent
• Ice floats because it is less dense than water
• Spring overturn

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• Isomers Same molecular formula but different
  structures
• Isotopes are atom of one element varies in the
  number of neutrons in the nucleus
• All isotopes are chemically identical because
  they have the number of electrons