Absolutism and Constitutionalism

1
Absolutism and Constitutionalism

• Chapters 16 17

2
The Dutch Republic

• 7 northern provinces called themselves the United
  Provinces of the Netherlands after the revolt
  against Spain (officially recognized by the Peace
  of Westphalia in 1648). The House of Orange held
  the title of stadholder. In times of peace,
  burghers held political power
• William III of Orange attempted to consolidate
  power, but was not successful. A republican form
  of government was once again formed, following
  his death
• 17th century considered a golden age for the
  Dutch due to wealth and power gained from sea
  trade
• Socially, there was a high standard of living and
  fairly equal distribution of wealth. They were
  tolerant in religious matters
• Amsterdam became the center of commerce. This
  was aided by the development of the Bank of
  Amsterdam and the Dutch East India Company
• Four 17th century trade wars Anglo-Dutch Wars
  (ended with the Glorious Revolution), and wars
  with France to ensure a balance of power in
  Europe will lead to decline (1672 Year of
  Disaster).

3
Dutch Masters

• Golden Age Painters

4
Salomon van Ruisdael
5
Paulus Potter
6
Jan de Bray The Painters Guild
7
Rembrandt- The Night Watch
8
Jan Vermeer
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9
AP TEST - Foreshadowed

• Dutch Republic portion generates predictable
  questions
• At LEAST ONE designed to see if you recognize
  Amsterdam as a popular commercial area in the
  17th Century
• Also, factors of Dutch Artwork
• Was protestant nation w/o absolute ruler-they
  were different from Rome and Madrids baroque art
  full of Catholic Church and ruling monarchs
• Merchants patronized
• Individual and everyday life
• Dutch Golden Age for painters in 1600s

10
Which one of the following is connected to
England?

• Frederick the Great
• Gustavus Adolphus
• William of Orange
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

11
Which of the following are characteristics of
Dutch Golden Age Art?

• Painting of daily life
• Lack of Religious or Catholic Themes
• All of the above
• None of the above

12
Which of the following cities should be
remembered as an up and coming city in the 18th
century?

• Paris
• Amsterdam
• Ribe (original capital of Denmark)
• London

13
Which of the following are factors of why The
Netherlands grow to be a powerful country in the
18th century?

• Philip I of Spain converts them to Catholicism
  and they join the Holy Roman Empire
• Religious Tolerance
• commerce from shipping and the Dutch East India
  Company increases economic power
• High standard of living and equal distribution of
  wealth

14
Absolutism

• Eastern Europe

15
German Areas A History(Holy Roman Empire?)

• Not really an empire, very feudal and not in Rome
• 1356 the Golden Bull ( a papal declaration)
  established the practice of allowing 7 German
  princes to elect the Emperor (they often chose a
  weak one)
• Some parts became Protestant
• Lost parts of Hungary to the Ottomans
• Was devastated by the Thirty Years War
• The empire was replaced by independent states in
  the region (over 300 by 1500)
• By the 18th century, Austria and Prussia were
  gaining power

16
Attempts a Unification Prior to the 18th Century

• 1519 Charles V was elected emperor and tried to
  consolidate the area under Catholic rule
• The Lutheran reformation gave princes and cities
  a religious reason for rejecting his authority
• Peace of Augsburg signed by Charles V led to the
  Thirty Years War

17
Thirty Years War (what was that again?)

• German princes could choose to be Lutheran or
  Catholic
• Frederick III, ruler of the Palatinate, converted
  to Calvinism
• As an elector, this posed a problem. Also,
  several other princes followed his lead
• The Catholic counter-reformation added to the
  growing religious tension, as in some areas
  Protestantism are increasingly being wiped out

18
Impact of 30 Years war

• Leaves Holy Roman Empire divided into 300
  independent states
• Elects an emperor who had no imperial army,
  revenues or central authority
• France emerges as a power house due to the
  decline of Holy Roman Empires power.

19
On the Rise
Hohenzollerns rule territory known as
Brandenburg-Prussia

• Prussia
• Unification of northern Germans states started
  under the Hohenzollern dynasty (1415)
• 1640 - Foundation for the Prussian state was laid
  by Frederick William the Great Elector as a
  result of the 30 Years War
• Powerful, well-funded army through taxation
• Established the General War Commissariat to levy
  taxes
• Took government control from Junkers, but gave
  them positions in the government , absolute power
  over their peasants (now serfs) and exempted them
  from taxes
• Mercantile policies, including high tariffs
• Built roads and canals

20
Where is prussia?
Prussia at its peak
Modern Day Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Denmark,
Belgium, Czech Republic and Switzerland
21
People to Know Frederick William aka The Great
Elector

• Why was he so powerful again?
• Known as the Great Elector, FW began
  strengthening Hohenzollern power
• Built well-equipped army
• Army helps him become a major player in European
  Politics
• Demanded loyalty of Junkers, German Landowners
  in exchange, Junckers received power over serfs

22
Absolutism in Prussia (people to know-Frederick
William I)

• Frederick William I ( 1713-1740 Soldier King)
  completed the dominance of the King over the
  Junkers, creating a rigid militaristic state
  known as the Sparta of the North.
• Army doubles to over 80,000 men
• 13th largest population of Europe
• 3rd or 4th largest army
• Officer class becomes Prussias most prestigious
  class.

23
Also on the Rise - Austria

• Austria
• Made up of traditional Hapsburg hereditary lands
• Ferdinand III had consolidated power in the
  German-speaking Habsburg provinces
• Leopold I defeated the Ottoman siege at Vienna in
  1683 halting Muslim expansion into Europe
• Treaty of Karlowitz gave Hungary, Transylvania,
  Croatia and Slovenia to Austria, creating a
  large, powerful Austrian Empire
• The War of Spanish Succession gave Austria the
  Spanish Netherlands and Spanish holdings in Italy

24
Lack of Absolutism in Austria

• Austria
• Three distinct regions hereditary provinces of
  the Habsburgs, Bohemia and Hungary
• Too many nationalities and religions (Hungary was
  defiantly Protestant, Bohemia and the hereditary
  lands were Catholic following the 30 Years War)
• These territories had their own estates-general,
  with the Austrian emperor as a symbolic
  figure-head. Landed aristocracy provided military
  officers and government bureaucrats, and little
  else
• The Pragmatic Sanction proclaimed by Charles VI
  stated that the Habsburg lands would always be
  under the control of a single ruler (could be
  female)

25
Pragmatic sanction

• AP Test you to understand its purpose and
  recognize Frederick the Great (of Prussia)
  violates it later.
• Emperor Charles VI (Habsburg) (reigns 1711-1740)
• Dies thinking he guaranteed peace and integrity
  of his realm.
• Determined to ensure his daughter, Maria
  Theresas succession, drew up a
  documentPragmatic Sanction
• Territories of Habsburg Empire remain unified
  under her
• Maria Theresa would inherit all Habsburg lands
  and the throne

26
Russia

• Center of Orthodox Christianity (Third Rome
  after Rome itself and Constantinople)
• Russia overthrew the Mongols under Ivan the
  Terrible (Czar) who united and expanded Russia
  through the use of Cossacks. Ivan crushed the
  Boyars (landed aristocracy)
• Time of Troubles period of civil war after
  the death of Ivan, came to an end with the
  appointment of Michael Romanov as czar by the
  feudal lords

27
Russian Social Structure

• Tsar (czar) divinely ordained autocratic ruler
• Landed aristocrats (boyars)
• Merchants heavily regulated by the czar
• Peasants increasingly became bound to the land
  as serfs

28
Michael Romanov

• Elected in 1613 (Romanov Dynasty ruled until
  1917)
• Continued to consolidate lands at the expense of
  the serfs (now like slaves recall the rise in
  demand for food) and spread eastward (Cossacks
  again)

29
Peter the Great

• 1682-1725 westernized Russia
• Women forced to dress like Western European
  women, men shaved beards
• Built St. Petersburg (window to the west) in
  which engineers, artists, scientists et al were
  invited to westernize Russia
• Serfs turned slaves built St. Petersburg

30
Absolutism and Baroque Architecture, p. 585-587

• Cities

• Palaces

31
Peter the Great

• Russia BEFORE Peter the Great
• Isolation
• Russia was geographically isolated.
• Sweden prevented Russia from reaching the Baltic
  Sea
• Ottoman Empire prevented Russia from reaching the
  Black Sea
• Russia was culturally isolated
• Renaissance ideas, Reformation and all Age of
  Exploration/Scientific Revolution discoveries
  scarcely affected Russia

32
Peter the Great

• The Romanov Dynasty
• (see your notes for this-slides 17-19)
• Peter the Great (reigned 1789-1825)
• Modernizing Russia
• Realized Russia was behind visits Holland and
  England tours shipyards, examines new military
  equipment, and observes western customs
• Vows to build Russia into a great power expands
  army and constructs new navy.
• Defeating Sweden
• Thirty Years War left Sweden in control of the
  Baltics entire eastern shore.
• In 1700, Peter orders army to end Swedens
  dominance. Great Northern War begins.
  1700-1721.
• Russia initially suffers defeats against Charles
  XII of Sweden, but wins the war and control over
  warm-water shores on Baltic sea.
• Defeat contributes to Swedens decline as major
  European power
• Russia dominant in the Baltic Sea
• Building St. Petersburg
• Begins building in 1703.
• Named after his patron saint would be a great
  window for Russia to look out at Europe
• St. Petersburg is THE symbol of Peter the Greats
  new and more powerful Russia
• Controlling the Boyars
• Old nobility who supported traditional Russian
  culture
• Ordered them to shave and wear Western clothing
  ALSO, had them build costly town houses in St.
  Petersburg.

33
Peter the Great

• Defeating Sweden
• Thirty Years War left Sweden in control of the
  Baltics entire eastern shore.
• In 1700, Peter orders army to end Swedens
  dominance. Great Northern War begins.
  1700-1721.
• Russia initially suffers defeats against Charles
  XII of Sweden, but wins the war and control over
  warm-water shores on Baltic sea.
• Defeat contributes to Swedens decline as major
  European power
• Russia dominant in the Baltic Sea
• Building St. Petersburg
• Begins building in 1703.
• Named after his patron saint would be a great
  window for Russia to look out at Europe
• St. Petersburg is THE symbol of Peter the Greats
  new and more powerful Russia
• Controlling the Boyars
• Old nobility who supported traditional Russian
  culture
• Ordered them to shave and wear Western clothing
  ALSO, had them build costly town houses in St.
  Petersburg.
• Required them to serve in either the military or
  government administration
• Exploiting the Serfs
• Did not benefit from Peters reforms conscripted
  (forcibly made to join)into Russias army
• Forced to build St. Petersburg
• In Europe, serfs are bound to the land in
  Russia, serfs could be sold apart from the land.
  
• Enables serfs to be forced into service in mines
  and factories

34
Peter the Great

• Building St. Petersburg
• Begins building in 1703.
• Named after his patron saint would be a great
  window for Russia to look out at Europe
• St. Petersburg is THE symbol of Peter the Greats
  new and more powerful Russia
• Controlling the Boyars
• Old nobility who supported traditional Russian
  culture
• Ordered them to shave and wear Western clothing
  ALSO, had them build costly town houses in St.
  Petersburg.
• Required them to serve in either the military or
  government administration
• Exploiting the Serfs
• Did not benefit from Peters reforms conscripted
  (forcibly made to join)into Russias army
• Forced to build St. Petersburg
• In Europe, serfs are bound to the land in
  Russia, serfs could be sold apart from the land.
  
• Enables serfs to be forced into service in mines
  and factories

35
Peter the Great

• Exploiting the Serfs
• Did not benefit from Peters reforms conscripted
  (forcibly made to join)into Russias army
• Forced to build St. Petersburg
• In Europe, serfs are bound to the land in
  Russia, serfs could be sold apart from the land.
  
• Enables serfs to be forced into service in mines
  and factories

36
Great Northern States

• Denmark
• Very Feudal monarchs elected and shared power
  with the nobility
• Nobility exercised a lot of power over peasants
• Losses in the 30 Years War and war with Sweden
  led to a bloodless revolution, in which the power
  of the nobility was curtailed and an absolutist
  constitution was instituted in 1665
• Christian V from 1670-1699 crafted a centralized
  administration with the nobility as part of the
  upper bureaucracy

37
Gustavus Adolphus- Whos he again?

• Sweden
• 1611 - Gustavus Adolphus created a stable
  monarchy by granting the nobility positions in
  the bureaucracy and creating a formidable army
• Eventually Charles XI will assume the throne and
  began to create a strong absolute monarchy
• Resumed control of crown lands and their revenues
• Improved the army and navy
• Weakened the power of the Riksdag and the church
• By 1693, he created a state that dominated
  Northern Europe
• By 1718, however, Charles XII had gone to war
  with Poland, Denmark and Russia, leading to
  Swedens decline

38
Poland

• 1569 formal merger between Poland-Lithuania,
  although a marriage began the process in 1386
  which began the Jagiello dynasty (largest
  Christian kingdom)
• Assemblies of nobles elected the kings and
  limited their power
• Nobles kept peasantry in a state of serfdom
• 1572 Jagiello dynasty came to an end and an
  outsider was chosen as king Swede Sigismund
  III. The nobility continued to strengthen, and
  left Poland no more than a confederation of
  semi-independent estates
• It became a battleground foreign powers who found
  it easy to invade but difficult to manage

39
Other Major World Players That Arent European
40
Ottomans (are they in Europe?)

• Based in Anatolia after the fall of the Seljuk
  Turks by the Mongols
• Took over and renamed Constantinople (Istanbul)
  in 1453
• Within 100 years dominated the regions
  surrounding the Western Mediterranean (stopped
  short at Vienna)

41
Wheres that at again?
 Albania  Algeria  Armenia  Austria  Azerbaijan  B
ahrain  Belarus  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria
 Chad  Croatia  Cyprus  Djibouti  Egypt  Eritrea  
Ethiopia  Georgia  Greece  Hungary  Iran  Iraq  Is
rael  Italy  Jordan  Kosovo  Kuwait  Lebanon  Liby
a  Niger  Northern Cyprus  Macedonia  Mali  Maurit
ania  Moldova  Morocco  Montenegro  Oman  Palestin
ian territories  Poland  Qatar  Romania  Russia  S
audi Arabia  Serbia  Slovakia  Slovenia  Somalia  
South Sudan  Sudan  Syria Tunisia Turkey Ukraine U
nited Arab Emirates Yemen
42
Religion

• Predominantly Muslim, although religious
  toleration practiced
• Enslaved Christian boys (Janissaries) for the
  military (devshirme)
• Over time, persecution grew

43
Suleiman the Magnificent

• Built up the empire and the arts
• Took parts of Hungary, taking advantage of a weak
  Europe during the protestant reformation
• Stopped at Vienna, or the history of Europe would
  be vastly different
• Ottomans stayed in power until 1922 greatly
  expanding Islam and kept Eastern Europe on its
  toes

44
India

• Mughal Empire established in 1526 by Babur and
  dominated for 300 years
• Baburs harsh tactics replaced by Akbar who was
  more religiously tolerant
• Abolished jizya
• Allowed Hindus in the government and military
• Eliminated sati
• Married a Hindu
• Golden age of art and architecture for the next
  100 years

45
After Akbar

• Taj Mahal built (at the expense of those who paid
  taxes)
• Religious toleration ended
• Jizya reinstated
• Hindu temples destroyed
• Hindus persecuted and begin to unite
• Europeans arrive in the 17th century penetrating
  the periphery (coastal regions) of India

46
Why is this important?

• Ignored the European presence, which continued to
  penetrate into the interior of the subcontinent
• Mughals had to fight Hindu uprisings, which left
  them vulnerable to European encroachment
• Continued wars to expand were costly, never
  became maritime, allowing for European
  countries to control maritime trade

47
Ming China

• Defeated the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) in 1368
• Created a strong central government, reinstated
  Confucianism and civil service exams
• Sponsored grand voyages under Zheng He, but
  discontinued (ALMOST maritime)
• Conquered by the Qing in 1644 (Manchus)

48
Qing Dynasty

• Manchu rulers governed until 1912
• Maintained and ethnic elite
• Used civil service to employ Chinese
• Supported Confucianism, the arts and expanded the
  empire
• Had established trade with Europe, however in
  1724, Christians banned, 1757 trade with Europe
  was limited to Canton
• Trade was still substantial silver increased
  creating a new merchant class

49
Why is this important?

• During this era, European countries cannot
  penetrate into China and control the region as
  they had done in India, Southeast Asia and the
  Americas
• As Europe becomes more industrialized in the next
  era, that will change and China will not be able
  to hold off their intrusions any longer

50
Tokugawa Shogunate

• Ruled until 1868 instituted a rigid social
  class model caste in nature (warrior, farmer,
  artisan, merchant)
• AKA Edo Period - capital moved to Edo (Tokyo)
• National Seclusion Policy isolated Japan (those
  going in and out only the Dutch 1 ship a year
  - and Chinese could enter Nagasaki)
• Result culture thrived (haiku and Kabuki),
  however Japan lags in technology

51
Why is this important?

• Similar to China, strong governments in Japan
  keep the Europeans at bay during this era
• However, Japan will isolate and industrialize in
  the next era, allowing them to compete with
  Europe militarily and economically, avoiding a
  takeover by European powers

52
Contrast

• Mughal (and the Ottoman) Empires response to
  European Aggression

• China and Japans response to European Aggression