Title: Technological and Environmental Transformations
1Period 1
- Technological and Environmental Transformations
- to 600 BCE
2Key Concept 1.1
- Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth
3Origins of Early Humans
- Early human development occurred during the
Paleolithic Period - Origins in Africa
- Hominids
- Anatomically modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens)
develop about 150,000 years ago - Begin migrations
4Lucy http//www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v
2/n2/they-love-lucy
http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2c
Humanevop2.sht ml
5Settlement of Australia Approximately 60,000
BCE Settlement of Eurasia Approximately 50,000
BCE Settlement of Americas Approximately 14,000
BCE
6Life in the Paleolithic Period
- Hunting-foraging
- Nomadic
- Small groups based on bonds of kinship
- Relatively Egalitarian
- Adaptation to local environment
- Development of stone tools
- Use of fire for cooking, warmth, and deterring
predators
7Life in the Paleolithic Period
- No written language
- Evidence of culture seen in cave paintings,
artifacts, and human remains - Evidence of primitive, simple religion
- Lack of developed material culture
- Although groups were adapted to their specific
environment, hunter-foragers did interact with
each other and engage in exchange of ideas and
goods
8Key Concept 1.2
- The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural
Societies
9The Neolithic Revolution
- Neolithic New Stone Age
- Began approx. 10,000 years ago
- Use of stone tools for agricultural production
- Most likely the result of climate change
- Domestication of plant and animal species
- See map on page 9 in textbook
- First began in the Eastern Mediterranean
10http//huberb.people.cofc.edu/ANTH2010120Huber's
20Introduction20to20Anthropology.html
11Neolithic Revolution
- Gradual process and dependent upon the geography
- Not all societies develop agriculture
- See map on page 9 of textbook.
- Agricultural centers emerged in
- Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, Sub-Saharan
Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River,
Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes
12Pastoralism
- Emerged in grasslands (steppes)
- Central Eurasia and parts of Africa
- Animal husbandry
- Mobile lifestyle
- Wealth measured in livestock
-
13Life in Agriculture Communities
- Greater degree of complexity and cooperation
- More reliable food sources
- Population densities increase
- Permanent settlements
- Religion becomes more complex
- Some matrilineal, others patrilineal
- Trade developed between and among early
agricultural settlements
14http//www.americanneopaganism.com/ancientpagantim
eline.htm
http//howardbloom.net/reinventing_capitalism/
http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Catal_Hu
yuk
http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/ImageCa
talHoyukSouthArea.JPG
15Impact on the environment
- Dramatic impact on the environment
- Erosion
- Clearing of forests for farmland
- Desertification
- Overgrazing of pastureland
16Impact of Neolithic Revolution
- Increase in human population
- Increase in disease
- Craft specialization
- Social Stratification
- Patriarchy
17Development of new Technologies
- Technological innovations were developed to
improve agricultural production, trade, and
transportation - Key examples
- Pottery
- Plows
- Woven textiles
- Metallurgy
- Wheels and wheeled vehicles
http//www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/pottery.
htm
18Key Concept 1.3
- The Development and Interactions of Early
Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
19Rise of Civilization
- Core and foundational civilizations emerged in
the following - Mesopotamia
- Egypt
- Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
- Shang China
- Olmec
- Chavin
- Map quiz Students will take a quiz to identify
the core and foundational civilizations.
20http//www.unionparishschools.org/rivervalleyciv/i
nterest.htm
21Mesopotamia
http//www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images
2/mapane.jpg
22(No Transcript)
23Egypt
http//www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/images/
map_e1_l.gif
24(No Transcript)
25Indus River Valley Civilization
http//www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/indus.php
26(No Transcript)
27The Yellow River Valley CivilizationShang Dynasty
http//www.chinahighlights.com/image/map/ancient/s
hang-dynasty-map1.gif
28(No Transcript)
29http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileChavin-small.png
http//theresaclarkintdis4.blogspot.com/2009/09/we
ek-6.html
30(No Transcript)
31State Building
- State a sovereign political entity which
contains a stable population, defined territory,
and established government - Control over larger territory, population, and
resources - Divine Right
- Military
32Competition and Technology
- Competition for land and resources
- Geography
- Bronze
- Iron
- Horses
- Chariots
- Composite bows
http//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hyksos.aspx
33Architecture and Urban Planning
34Arts and Artisanship
35Systems of Record Keeping
36Law Codes
37Religion
- Polytheism Belief in many gods
- Most common
- Vedic Religion becomes basis of Hinduism
- Monotheism Belief in one god
- Hebrews
- Zoroastrianism (Persian Empire)
38Trade
- Local, regional, and transregional trade
- Exchange of goods, cultural ideas, and technology
- Examples
- Egypt and Nubia
- Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley