??t?e? (templates)

1
??t?e? (templates)

• ??a µ?t?a e??a? ??a ??µµ?t? ??d??a p?? pe????e?
  pa?aµ?t???? ?? ?p??e? d????ta? ?? t?µ?? t?p???
  ded?µ????.
• ???a? ??a? µ??a??sµ?? ??a t? d?µ??????a
  p????aµµ?t?? a?e???t?t?? ap? t?? t?p? t??
  ded?µ???? p?? ?a epe?e??ast???.
• ?.?. ?? T e??a? pa?aµet????? t?p?? ? d???s?
• ? x,y,z
• se ??a ??µµ?t? ??d??a, ?a ???se? t?? t?p? t??
  µetaß??- t?? x,y ?a? z ?ta? ?? t?µ? t?? T d??e?
  ??a? t?p?? ded?µ?- ???.

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• O? pa?aµet????? t?p?? µp????? ?a d?????, e?t??
  ap? t??? ßas????? t?p??? ded?µ???? p?? ????e? ?
  C ?a? t?p?? ded?µ???? p?? ??????ta? ap? t??
  ???st?, ?p?? t?p?? ???se??, d?µ??, e??se?? ??p.
• ? C ep?t??pe? st?? s??a?t?se??, st?? ???se??
  ?a??? ?a? se ???e? d?µ?? ?a pe???????
  pa?aµet?????? t?p???. ?ts? ? ??d??a? ???eta?
  a?e???t?t?? ap? t? e?d?? t?? ded?µ???? p?? ?a t??
  ???s?µ?p???s???.
• ??a µ?t?a de? ???p??e? e?te??s?µ? ??d??a, ?
  ??d??a? ???p??e?ta? ?ta? d??e? st?? pa?aµ?t????
  ?? t?µ? ??a? s???e???µ???? t?p?? ded?µ????.

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??t?e? s??a?t?se??

• O? µ?t?e? s??a?t?se?? ??????ta? s??a?t?- se?? ??
  ?p??e? ?? ???sµata d????ta? pa?a- µ?t????. ?
  e?te??s?µ?? ??d??a? t?? s????t?s?? ???p??e?ta?
  ?ta? st? ??s? t?? pa?aµ?t??? d??e? s???e???µ????
  t?p?? ded?µ????.
• ????s? µ?t?a? s????t?s??
• template ltclass Tgt
• ?p?st?ef?µe??_t?µ? ???µa(???sµata)

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• ?.?
• template ltclass Tgt
• T power(T a,int exp)
• T ans a
• while(--expgt0)
• ansansa
• return ans

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• St?? ???sµ? µ?a? µ?t?a? s????t?s?? ????µe
• ??? ?efa??da
• template ltclass T1,,class Tngt
• ?p??
• ? ???? ??e?d? template d????e? ?t? ? s????t?s?
  p?? a??????e? d??eta? pa?aµet?????? t?p???
  ded?µ????.
• ? ???? class de? s?µa??e? ?t? ?? pa??µet??? e??a?
  st?? t?p? ??p??a? ???s?? ap?? s?µa??e? ?t? e??a?
  pa?aµet????? t?p?? ded?µ????.

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• ?? p??t?p? t?? s????t?s??
• ?p??
• St?? t?p???? pa?aµ?t???? p?? d??eta? ?? ???sµata
  ? s????t?s? p??pe? ?a a?a???feta? t??????st?? µ?a
  f??? ???e pa?aµet????? t?p?? p?? ????eta? st??
  ?efa??da t?? µ?t?a?.
• ? eµf???s? t?? pa?aµet????? t?p?? ??
  ep?st?ef?µe??? t?µ?? de? a?t??a??st? t?? a?????
  eµf???s?? t?? a?t?st????? pa?aµ?t??? ?? ???sµa.

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• ?? s?µa t?? s????t?s??
• ?p??
• ???pe? ?a eµfa???eta? t??????st?? µ?a f??? ???e
  pa??µet??? p?? d??????e st?? ?efa??da.

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• ?at? t? µeta???tt?s? t?? ??d??a, st?? ?p???
  pe???aµß????ta? µ?t?e?, ?ta? ? µeta???tt?st??
  ft?se? st? s?µe?? ?p?? ?a?e?ta? µ?a s????t?s?,
  e????e? p??ta a? ?p???e? p??t?p? p?? ?a
  ta?t?-?eta? µe t?? d?ad??as?a ???s?? t??. ?? ???
  e????e? a? ?p???e? µ?t?a st?? ?p??a, a?
  a?t??atasta???? ?? pa??µet??? µe t??? t?p??? p??
  ??????ta? ap? t?? ???s? t?? s????t?s?? ?a
  p?????e? p??t?p? s?µßat? µe t?? s???e???µ???
  ???s?. ?? ?a? d?µ?????e? ?a? e?s?µat??e? st??
  a?t?st???? ??s? e?te??s?µ? ??d??a st?? ?p??? ??e?
  a?t??atast?se? t??? pa?aµet?????? t?p??? µe t???
  t?p??? ded?µ???? p?? apa?te? ? ???s? t??
  s????t?s??.

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• ???e st??µ??t?p? t?? µ?t?a? d?µ?????e? ?a? µ?a
  ?a???????a ??d?s? e?te??s?µ?? ??d??a ??a t?
  s????t?s?.
• ? d?µ??????a ??a? ??d?s?? e?te??s?µ?? ??d??a
  ???eta? µ???? a? de? ??e? d?µ????-???e?
  p??????µ???? st??µ??t?p? t?? µ?t?a? µe t?? ?d??
  t?p? pa?aµ?t???.

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?a??de??µa

• include ltiostream.hgt
• template ltclass Tgt
• T power(T a,int exp)
• T ans a
• while(--expgt0)
• ansansa
• return ans
• void main()
• int k2,m
• mpower(k,3) //??µ?????e?ta? ??d??a? ??a
  t? p??t?p? int power(int,int)
• cout ltlt m ltlt"\n"
• mpower(k,4) // ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ? ??d??a?
  p?? d?µ?????????e ??a t?
• 
  // p??t?p? int power(int,int)
• cout ltlt m ltlt"\n"
• float r2.5,x
• xpower(r,3) //??µ?????e?ta? ??d??a? ??a
  t? p??t?p? int power(float,int)
• cout ltlt x ltlt"\n"

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• ???a? p??fa??? ?t? ?? te?est??, ?? s??a?t?se?? ?
  ?? t???? ???e? p???e?? ?? ?p??e? ???s?µ?p?????ta?
  st? es?te???? µ?a? s????t?s??, ? ?p??a ????eta?
  ?? µ?t?a, ?a p??pe? ?a e??a? st???e?a s?µßat? µe
  t??? t?p??? ded?µ???? p?? ?a d????? st? ??s? t??
  pa?aµet????? t?p?? p?? ??????ta? s a?t??. Se
  d?af??et??? pe??pt?s? ?a p??pe? ?a ???s???? ??
  ?at?????e? ep??a???e?? ?ste ?a µp??e? ?a
  ?e?t?????se? ? s????t?s?.

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?a?t?p???s? t?p???? pa?aµ?t??? se µ?t?e?
s??a?t?se??

• ?? se µ?a µ?t?a s????t?s?? d??e? d?af??et????
  t?p?? ???sµ?t?? ??a ta ???sµata p?? de? ??????ta?
  pa?aµet???? ? µeta???tt?st?? ap?t?????e? ?a
  d?µ??????se? st??µ??t?p? t?? µ?t?a?. G?a ?a
  ap?f????µe t? s?et??? sf??µa s??des?? (Linking
  error) p??pe? ?a d????e? st? p????aµµa ??a
  p??t?p? s????t?s?? p?? ?a ta?t??eta? µe t?
  p??t?p? t?? µ?t?a? st? ?p??? ?? pa?aµet?????
  t?p?? ???sµ?t?? ?a ????? a?t??atasta?e? µe
  ??p???? s?µßat? µe t? µ?t?a t?p? ded?µ????.

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• ?.?.
• include ltiostream.hgt
• float power(float a,unsigned int exp) //???t?p?
  ??a t? µetat??p? t?? t?p??
• template ltclass Tgt
  
• T power(T a,unsigned int exp)
• int i
• T ra
  //??t?a
• for(i1 iltexp i)
• ra
• return r
• void main()
• float t3.5
• int k2
• cout ltltpower(k,t)ltlt'\n' // ? t
  µetat??peta? se unsigned int µe t?µ? 3

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• ? µeta???tt?st??, se ???e st??µ??t?p? t?? µ?t?a?,
  e????e? t? p??t?p? ?a? µetat??pe? t??? µ?
  pa?aµet?????? t?p??? st?? t?p? p?? d????eta? st?
  p??t?p?. St? ??s? t?? pa?aµ?t??? t?p??ete? t??
  t?p? ded?µ???? p?? d??eta? st?? a?t?st???? ??s?
  µe t?? ???s? t?? s????t?s??.

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?a?aµet??p???s? t?p??

• ??t?? ap? s??a?t?se?? µp????µe ?a
  pa?aµet??p???s??µe ?a? t?p??? ded?µ???? p??
  ??????ta? ap? t?? ???st?. ?ts? µp????µe ?a
  ???s??µe ???se??, d?µ?? ? ?????? t?p??? s???et??
  ded?µ???? ?? ?p???? ?a ??????? es?te???? ded?µ??a
  ta ?p??a ?a d??????ta? se a?t??? pa?aµet????.

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????s? µ?t?a? ??a pa?aµet??p???s? ???se??

• templatelt ??sta pa?aµ?t??? ?a? sta?e??? gt
• class name
• .
• .
• T data_name
• .
• .

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? d???s? µ?t?a? ??a t?? pa?aµet??p???s? µ?a?
???se?? pe????e?

• ??? ?efa??da
• templatelt ??sta pa?aµ?t??? ?a? sta?e??? gt
• ? ?p??a pe???aµß??e?
• ????se?? pa?aµet????? t?p?? ?? ?p??e?
  e?s????ta? µe t? ???? ??e?d? class.
• ????se?? t?p?? ??a sta?e??? ?? t?µ?? t??
  ?p???? ?a d????? ?at? t? d?µ??????a t??
  st??µ??t?p?? t?? ???s??.

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• ?? d???s? t?? ???s??
• st?? ?p??a µp????? ?a ?p?????? d???se??
  µetaß??t?? st?? t?p? t?? pa?aµ?t??? p?? ??????ta?
  st?? ?efa??da ?a? ?a ???eta? ???s? t?? sta?e???
  p?? d??????ta? se a?t??.

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• ?.?.
• include ltiostream.hgt
• template ltclass TYPE, int SIZEgt
• class A
• TYPE aSIZE
• public
• A()
• void out()
• template ltclass TYPE,int SIZEgt
• AltTYPE,SIZEgtA()
• int i
• for(i0 iltSIZE i)
• cin gtgtai
• template ltclass TYPE,int SIZEgt
• void AltTYPE,SIZEgtout()
• int i

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• ?f?s?? µ?a ???s? d????eta? ?? µ?t?a ??
  s??a?t?se?? µ??? p?? a?????? s a?t?? p??pe? ?a
  d??????? ep?s?? µe t? µ??f? µ?t?a?.
• ? d???s? µ?a? t?t??a? s????t?s?? apa?te? e?t??
  ap? t? ???µa t?? ???s?? st?? ?p??a a???e?, ?a
  a?af????ta? ?a? ta ???µata t?? pa?aµ?t??? t??
  ?p??e? d??eta? ? ???s?.
• ?e? apa?te?ta? ?a ?p???e? a?af??? t?? pa?aµ?t???
  sta ???sµata ?a? t? s?µa t?? s????t?s?? ?p?? ?a
  s???ßa??e a? ? s????t?s? d?????ta? ?? µ?t?a
  a?t???µa.

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• ? d???s? µ?a? s????t?s?? µ???? se µ?a µ?t?a
  ???s?? p??pe? ?a pe????e? e?t?? ap? t? ???µa t??
  ???s??, p??? ap? t?? te?est? eµß??e?a? µ?sa se
  ltgt ?a? ta ???µata t?? pa?aµ?t??? t?? ?p??e?
  ???s?µ?p??e? ? µ?t?a. ???µ? p??? ap? t? d???s?
  p??pe? ?a p????e?ta? ? ?efa??da templatelt??sta
  pa?aµ?t???gt ? ?p??a ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t? d???s?
  t?? ???s?? ?? µ?t?a.

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????s? s????t?s?? µ????? µ?t?a?

• templatelt??sta pa?aµ?t???gt
• ??p?? ???s?lt???µata pa?aµ?t???gt???µa_s????t?s??(
  .)
• ?.?
• template ltclass TYPE,int SIZEgt
• void AltTYPE,SIZEgtout()
• ..

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• ?at? t? d?µ??????a a?t??e?µ???? st?? t?p? µ?a?
  ???s?? p?? p?????eta? ap? µ?t?a p??pe? e?t?? t??
  ltgt ?a d????e? ? t?p?? t?? ded?µ???? ??a t???
  pa?aµet??p???µ????? t?p??? ?a? ?? t?µ?? t??
  sta?e??? p?? d??????ta? st?? ?efa??da template.
• ?.?.
• Altfloat,4gt a

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• G?a ???e st??µ??t?p? st?? t?p? µ?a? µ?t?a? ?
  µeta???tt?st?? d?µ?????e? e?te??s?µ? ??d??a ??a
  µ?a ?a???????a ???s? a?t??a??st??ta? t??
  pa?aµ?t???? ?a? t?? t?µ?? t?? sta?e??? µe a?t??
  p?? d??????ta? st?? a?t?st???? ??s? st?
  p????aµµa.
• ???? e?te??s?µ?? ??d??a? ?a d?µ???????e? a??µ?
  ?a? a? d?? st??µ??t?pa ????? t?? ?d?? t?p?
  pa?aµ?t??? a??? d?af????? st?? t?µ?? t?? sta?e???
  p?? d??????ta? pa?aµet????.
• ?? ??a ??p??a a?t??e?µe?a d????e? ? ?d??? t?p??
  pa?aµ?t??? ?a? ?? ?d?e? t?µ?? ??a t?? sta?e???
  t?te d?µ?????e?ta? µ??? µ?a ??d?s? t?? ???s?? ??a
  a?t? ta a?t??e?µe?a.

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• ?.?. ?? d???se??
• Altint, 3gt a
• Altint ,4gt b
• Altint , 3gt c
• Ta d?µ??????s??? ????? ??d??a ??a ta
  a?t??e?µe?a a ?a? c e?? ?e????st?? ??d??a? ?a
  d?µ???????e? ??a t? a?t??e?µe?? b.