B N Prasad, Advisor, CBM

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Development of Coal Based Non-conventional
Energy Resources

• B N Prasad, Advisor, CBM
• Central Mine Planning Design Institute,
• Ranchi, India

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(No Transcript)
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TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
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Global Energy Scenario

• One of the major challenge before the world is to
  meet ever rising demand of energy.
• The focus is on development of such resources
  which is environment friendly and economically
  sustainable.
• In this quest, development of clean resources
  like CBM, CMM, UCG etc. have gained importance in
  recent past.
• These resources are now considered as a viable
  source of energy in many coal producing
  countries/countries.

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Global Energy Scenario .

• Globally
• Fossil fuel meets over 80 of the energy needs
• Coal meets over 25 of the energy requirement
• Studies indicate that this position is likely to
  continue
• There is a focus on development of Coal based
  energy resources like CBM, CMM, UCG etc as they
  are clean source of energy

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Global Energy Scenario .
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Global Energy Scenario
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Future Energy Trend

• New Energy forms viz. Shale Gas, Tight Oil and
  Renewables will account for a significant share
  of growth in global supply
• These sources contribute 43 of the increment in
  energy production to 2035
• The growth of new energy forms is enabled by the
  development of technology and large-scale
  investments
• Source BP Energy Outlook 2035

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Energy Scenario SAARC Countries

• The SAARC region is home to 23 of the total
  world population, and a large proportion of the
  population is living below the poverty line.
• There is a wide variation in the energy
  resource hydropower, natural gas and coal
  resources.
• The region is well endowed in other renewable
  energy sources such as biomass, wind, and solar
  with biomass meeting a large portion of household
  energy demand across the region.
• The energy demand in the region is expected to
  grow at an annual rate of 5.
• Augmenting the energy supply and diversifying the
  fuel basket requires consideration.

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Indias Energy Scenario

• The GDP growth of India is hovering around 7,
  forecasted to increase in coming years.
• India is facing challenge in meeting its
  ever-increasing energy demand for sustainable
  growth

Source Mid-year Economic analysis 2014-15 MoF,
Department of economic Affairs, Economic division
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Indias Energy Scenario

• Coal is the main source of energy supply and
  meets about 53 of energy requirement.
• With substantial reserve coal is likely to
  dominate in the foreseeable future.
• Resource position of petroleum/gas is not good.
• India Imports more than 1/3rd of its commercial
  energy needs, putting strain on economy.
• Augmenting production from conventional resources
  and to initiate/expedite development of other
  non-conventional energy resources is therefore
  important.

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Indias Energy Scenario
COAL RESOURCE 301 BT (as on 1st April'14)
LIGNITE RESOURCE 41.9 BT (as on 1st April'12)
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Indias Energy Scenario

• India Energy Basket Present Future
• (Source India Energy Book 2013)

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Indias Energy Basket
Indias Energy Basket
Source India Energy Book 2012
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Government Initiative Towards Clean Energy

• Keeping in view
• Growing energy demand
• Considering the limited resources of Petroleum
  and Natural gas
• Environmental concerns
• Problems being faced in development of Nuclear
  power
• Need was felt to develop other Non-conventional
  energy forms which are safe and clean
• Coal based non-conventional energy viz
  CBM/CMM,UCG and Shale Gas fits under this ambit

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Clean Energy Resources
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Why Coal ?

• Coal is

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Coal Utilization A Concern for Environment

• In spite of reliability of availability,
  favorable economics in energy generation, use of
  coal has adverse affect on environment.
• Efforts are also being made for making usage of
  coal environment friendly in pre, concurrent,
  post mining operations and its usage.
• The focus on environment protection, mine safety
  concern, raising energy demand gave impetus to
  development of Coal Based Clean Energy Resources
  like CBM, CMM, UCG, along with Shale gas.
• CIL/CMPDI is taking several pro-active steps to
  expedite development of these resources.

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Coal Utilization A Concern for Environment

• Coal sector contributes to about 8 of the total
  anthropogenic methane emissions (USEPA estimate).
  
• Coal combustion results in greater CO2 emissions
  than Oil and Natural Gas per unit of heat output.
  
• To curb these Green house emissions, India and
  other coal producing countries are making efforts
  to making its utilization environment friendly.

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Why Coal based Non-conventional resources
?

• Non Conventional Coal Based Energy Resources are

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Coalbed Methane(CBM)

• Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with GWP of
  25.
• CBM is
• Methane generated during the coalification
  process and stored in the coal beds/ associated
  porous strata.
• Traditionally considered as a mining hazard.
• Become explosive if concentration of methane in
  the mine environment ranges between 4 to 14.
• With the advancement in harnessing and
  utilisation technology CBM is a potential source
  of clean energy from otherwise wasted resource.

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CBM Development International Scenario

• The United States is the worlds leading producer
  of CBM where it is meeting over 8 of the
  Natural Gas requirement.
• Global CBM production totals around 162 MMSMD
  from USA, Canada, Australia, China, and India
  with USA dominating with nearly 140 MMSMD of
  production.
• In Australia also CBM made up about 10 of
  country's gas production (As on 2013). Likely to
  provide up to 50 of the Australian east coast
  natural gas supply by 2020 (source USEPA).
• CBM production in China is 4.2 MMSMD, whereas in
  India it is about 1.2 MMSMD which is likely to
  increase soon.

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CBM Development Indias Perspective

• CBM related studies in India started during early
  90s by CMPDI
• Consequent to announcement of CBM Policy in 1997,
  33 CBM blocks have been allotted through 4 rounds
  of global bidding.
• The data dossiers on most of the blocks were
  prepared by CMPDI which facilitated award of
  blocks. The dossiers were highly appreciated.
• Commercial production of CBM has already started
  in few allotted blocks which is around 1.2
  MMSCMD. Likely to increase soon.

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Coal Mine Methane (CMM)

• CMM is a harnessing of methane from areas where
  coal mining is either going on or projectised.
• Over 1 BCM of methane is annually released from
  coal mining operations in India (SourceUSEPA).
• As the country is increasing its coal production
  year after year, methane emission will be much
  higher in coming years.

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Coal Mine Methane International Scenario

• CMM development is encouraged in all the coal
  producing countries and is getting Govt support.
• Majority of projects making use of captured
  methane is in China, USA, Poland, Ukraine, Czech
  Republic, Germany (AMM) and the United Kingdom
  (AMM).
• USA encouraged tax policies for development of
  unconventional source of natural gas including
  CBM and CMM.

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Coal Mine Methane International Scenario

• Ukraine implemented Green Tariff Law that
  provides a feed-in tariff for CMM up to 20 years.
• Ukraine also adopted CMM law to legally clarify
  CMM and also issued CMM lease with coal lease to
  mine operators.
• China announced several industry friendly
  policies resulting in tremendous growth of CMM
  production.
• Govt of India permitted CIL for commercial
  harnessing of CMM from its areas.

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CIL/CMPDI initiative for Development of CBM/CMM

• Attempts were made to degasify a gassy mine
  Amlabad Mine of Jharia Coalfield in early 70s.
• Successful implementation of CMM Demonstration
  Project under a UNDP/GEF/MoC funding at Moonidih
  mine, BCCL proving efficacy of CMM development in
  Indian geo-mining condition.
• Generating CBM specific data for enhancing the
  resource base, created state of art lab for
  taking related studies.
• Pursuing commercial development of CBM in two CBM
  blocks located in Jharia and Raniganj with ONGC.
• Initiated actions for commercial development of
  CMM in 5 blocks within CIL areas and has been
  permitted by the Govt for commercial extraction
  from its areas.
• Also assessed potentiality of CMM in projectised
  areas of OC mining areas for pre-drainage.

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CMM Development in CIL Areas

• CIL operates over 470 coal mines
• of which 102 are Degree-II and 18
• are Degree-III mines
• Since mining operation is
• very old, a good
• understanding has been
• developed regarding geology
• and mining.
• Target seams for CMM development are Virgin coal
  seams lying below the active mining/worked
  out/goaved/abandoned areas

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Opportunities for CMM Development

• CIL is putting major thrust on mining of Deeper
  coal deposit in near future.
• For safety of mine personnel and mines warrant
  pre-drainage of methane will be taken up.
• Further corporate objective of CIL is Green
  Mining and harnessing and utilisation of methane
  is priority.

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Ventilation Air Methane (VAM)

• The return air of ventilation shafts contain
  methane, typically less than 1.
• Substantial amount of methane is vented into the
  atmosphere due to mining operations.
• VAM constitutes about 50 of the total CMM
  emissions.
• Recovery and gainful utilisation of such low
  concentration methane from VAM is a technological
  challenge.
• Few VAM projects have been successfully
  commissioned in Australia, China and the USA.

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Development of VAM Indian Scenario

• Gassy U/G mines are target for VAM project
  development
• CMPDI has recently generated VAM specific data in
  several D-III mines of ECL, BCCL and CCL.
• Few mines have been prima-facie found to be
  potential for VAM project, subject to feasibility
  study.
• VAM project under NCEF contemplated by CMPDI and
  a project under formulation with CSIRO,
  Australia at Moonidih mine, BCCL.
• The proposed project will aim for
  mitigation/utilization of VAM
• This will be the pioneer effort to bring VAM
  technology in India

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Way ahead for development of CMM/VAM projects

• Thrust to increase U/G coal production in CIL
• High capacity mechanized U/G mines are being
  planned
• Govt. of India had allotted more than 200 blocks
  to private sector for captive use which has been
  de-allocated now.
• Many of the operators of these blocks may deploy
  fully mechanized high capacity UG methods in
  coming years.
• This will create good opportunity for CMM/VAM
  projects development.

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Underground Coal Gasification

• The UCG is a physico-chemical process of
  conversion of coal into gaseous energy source at
  the place of its occurrence
• Calorific value in the range of 850 to
  1100K.Cal/M3 for air injection
• Techno-economically unviable coal resource for
  mining due to greater depth/ isolated nature can
  yield energy for present day use through UCG

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Underground Coal Gasification

• The process has several benefits including
  environmental benefits
• Minimum surface disturbances
• No ash or slag removal
• Minimal site rehabilitation
• Reduced CO2 emission and potential to remove CO2
  from the product gas before combustion.

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Process of UCG
Coal is ignited, combustion is maintained by
injecting air or oxygen and steam
The resulting gases are brought to surface by the
second bore hole
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Process of UCG
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Process of UCG

• UCG through vertical wells
• The method involves drilling of two vertical
  wells, one for injection of oxidants other for
  product gas
• This method was used in Chinchilla, Australia and
  former Soviet Union sites

• Chinchilla is the largest UCG project in the west

• ERGO EXERGY(Canada) provided technology to LINC
  Energy, Australia

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Process of UCG

• Man-built galleries in the coal seam used as
  gasification channels
• The work uses abandoned galleries of disused
  coalmines for the gasification.
• Vertical boreholes are drilled into the gallery
  to act as the injection and production wells.
• The process operates on alternating air and steam
  injection.
• This method is practiced in China

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Process of UCG

• Directional drilling in the coal seam with
  controlled injection of oxidants
• Controlled Retractable Injection Procedure (CRIP)
  which uses oxygen rather than air, for
  gasification
• This method is being practiced in the US and
  European field trials

• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory developed
  the CRIP method for efficient production of
  synthetic gas from underground coal seams

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Underground Coal Gasification Global Scenario

• Technological preparedness analysis of economic
  viability has been proven recently at many places
  in the world
• Russia, Australia, China have developed
  considerable expertise.
• UCG is a priority area for development in India.

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International UCG Trials
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UCG in Indias Perspective

• Indian coal resources are dominated by low rank
  coals (about 80) some of which are isolated in
  nature occurring at depth.
• Most of these deposits cannot be mined at present
  due to techno economic reasons.
• Such deposits may be amenable for implementation
  of UCG technology.
• UCG in India was taken up in mid 80's by ONGC and
  CIL under technical collaboration with erstwhile
  USSR.
• CMPDI generated data at Merta Road Lignite
  deposit, Rajasthan.
• Although found suitable for pilot scale studies
  but the test could not be pursued on
  apprehension of contamination of ground water.
• With advancement on technological front and
  recent global experiences have regenerated
  technical confidence in UCG with adherence to
  environmental requirement.

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UCG in Indias Perspective

• UCG is now a priority area for development as
  several areas could be amenable for application
  of this technology.
• To facilitate this MoC issued Gazette
  notification in July 2007 paving way for taking
  up UCG by public/private entrepreneurs.
• MoC in July 09 issued guidelines for carrying out
  commercial exploitation of UCG.
• A UCG policy is under formulation at the Govt.
  level
• The process will get a boost after issuance of
  the policy.

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UCG Development CIL/CMPDIs Endeavor

• CMPDI extended technical support to MoC in
  identification of blocks and other issues.
• Further, floated tender in 2011 for selection of
  prospective bidders take up UCG in 2 identified
  blocks within CIL areas.
• Good response received, however the matter could
  not be proceeded with due to technical reasons.
• Further actions are being taken in this regard.

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Challenges in UCG Development
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UCG Development Ways Ahead

• UCG being emerging technology area, expertise for
  its development is not indigenously available and
  there will be dependence on foreign experts /
  organizations
• Several base line data will have to be generated
  for examining suitability of block for UCG with
  special reference to overcome environmental
  concern
• The process right from data generation to syn-gas
  generation will be capital intensive.

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Shale Gas A Game Changer

• Shale gas is now emerged as a Game Changer in
  United States energy supply scenario.
• Shale gas in USA, constitutes about 23 of US
  natural gas production and expected to reach up
  to 46 by year 2035 (EIA estimate).
• US shale gas plays has encouraged other
  countries.
• India has also started pursuing development of
  shale gas and is now a priority area both at
  Government and industry level.

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Increasing Role of Shale Gas
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Shale Gas Indian Perspective

• Study of shale gas is under focus and several
  companies viz CIL, ONGC etc. are pursuing for its
  development.
• Few trials for shale gas development made in
  Raniganj CF by ONGC indicated positive results.
• CMPDI is generating Shale gas specific data in
  the boreholes being drilled and also created
  in-house facility for tests.
• CMPDI carried out studies on shale gas potentials
  in few areas in and prepared Data Dossiers at
  the behest of DGH.
• CMPDI is also implementing research projects with
  national/international agencies dealing in this
  field.

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Shale Gas Challenges
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Shale Gas Ways Ahead..

• Development of shale gas should be given priority
  as it has the capacity to play a pivotal role in
  enhancing the energy security of the country
• Shale gas policy may be announced to facilitate
  its development and to attract investment in this
  sector.
• Increasing price of gas will give a thrust to EP
  companies to invest in this sector.

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CMPDIs Endeavor in Development of Coal Based
Clean Energy Resource

• Implementing ST and RD projects in related
  fields
• CMPDI is implementing Research Projects under
  funding from ST (2 projects) and RD fund of CIL
  (2 projects) in the high technology new areas
  like CBM/Shale gas etc. with national/internationa
  l institutions of reput
• In addition CMPDI is also implementing a research
  project on CMM under EURC funding (partly) which
  is having 12 participating organisations from 5
  countries.

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India CBM/CMM Clearinghouse

• India CMM/CBM Clearinghouse established in Nov
  2008 under the aegis of MOC and USEPA is
  functioning at CMPDI, Ranchi to promote CBM/CMM
  industry in India.
• The Clearinghouse is partly funded by USEPA and
  CIL on behalf of MoC.
• The Clearinghouse is providing much needed
  technical support through its outreach
  activities/publications and also imparting
  training in this new area.
• The Clearinghouse has successfully organized an
  international Workshop on Development of Coal
  based non-conventional source of energy resources
  in India in November 2013 which was attended by
  High level functionaries from Government-MoC,
  DGH, DGMS representatives from US EPA, CSIRO,
  Australia, UK, leading players from CBM/Oil
  industry, and academicians from technical
  institutes

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CBM LAB, CMPDI

• For catering to analytical needs a state of art
  lab for undertaking CBM related studies was
  established in Sept 2008.
• Within a short span of time the lab developed
  facilities for carrying out parametric tests
  related to CBM resources assessment and
  producibility etc.
• The lab has also developed the facilities for
  characterization of shale horizons for shale gas
  potentiality assessment.
• Determination Of Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
• Rock Pyrolysis By Rock Eval Test.
• Porosity And Permeability Determination

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CBM Laboratory Serivices
Adsorption Isotherm
Adsorption Isotherm
Gas Chromatograph
TOC Analyser
Lab Equipments
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CBM Laboratory Serivices
Lab Equipments
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CONCLUSION

• For enhancing supply of clean energy development
  of coal based resources like CBM/CMM/UCG and
  shale gas needs attention.
• Development of these resource will require a
  comprehensive approach and application of high
  technology and needs support.
• For immediate environmental and other benefits
  CMM development needs to be expedited which is
  encouraged by all coal producing countries.
• Implementation of UCG projects will be
  beneficial in harnessing the energy from
  unmineable coal seams.
• Shale gas development also requires impetus in
  the sedimentary basins having occurrence of shale
  horizons.

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• Waiting in the Wings