Bubble of Protection Complete System Protection

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Bubble of ProtectionComplete System Protection

• ITW Linx
• A Division of Illinois Tool Works Inc.

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Overview

• Why Use Surge Protection?
• Types of Surges
• Technologies
• Standards
• The Bubble of Protection
• Bonding and Grounding
• Example

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Why Use Surge Protection?

• Safety
• Protect people from electric shock
• Protect equipment from damage
• Protect building wiring from excessive electrical
  current

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Why Use Surge Protection?

• Safety
• National Electric Code
• National Fire Protection Association
• Telecom equipment under Article 800
• Primary Protection at Building Entrance
• Secondary protection

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Why Use Surge Protection?

• Safety
• National Electric Code
• Savings
• Blown Equipment
• Service Calls
• Downtime
• Initial Investment with Net Savings

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Why Use Surge Protection?

• Safety
• National Electric Code
• Savings
• Damaged Equipments Equals.Headaches
• Lost Equipment
• Service Repairs
• System/Business Downtime
• Dissatisfied Customers
• Finger Pointing (Installer, Manufacturer, etc.)

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Why Use Surge Protection?

• Safety
• National Electric Code
• Savings
• Damaged Equipments Equals.Headaches
• Whos Concerned?
• Telephone and Power Companies
• Facility, Operations, and Telecom Managers
• Architects, Installers, Contractors, Technicians
• Everyone!

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Types of Surges

• Lightning
• Most catastrophic of all surges
• Does not have to be a direct hit to cause damage
• A lightning strike within a few miles can be
  induced into aerial or buried cables
• 10,000,000 Volts
• 145,000 Amps (145kA)

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Global Lightning Flashes 2000
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Lightning in the U.S. 1989-1998
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Types of Surges

• Lightning
• Power Line Cross
• Excess current on the Communications line
• High Risk of Fire
• Injury to personnel
• Damage to equipment

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Types of Surges

• Lightning
• Power Line Crosses
• Induction
• Current flow creates a magnetic field
• Two conductors run parallel and close to one
  another
• Field of one conductor can transfer energy to the
  other conductor
• Example Power is first restored following a
  blackout

Field
Current
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Types of Surges

• Lightning
• Power Line Crosses
• Induction
• Electrostatic Discharge
• Transfer of electrical energy from one material
  to another
• Usually found in dry climates
• Produces high voltage with low current
• Feel sensation at 4kv
• Maximum Voltage 30kV
• Enough energy to damage integrated circuits
  (35V)

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Shock Thresholds
1mA Perception Threshold
3mA Mild Shock
8mA Severe Shock (involuntary muscle movement)
10mA Freezing Threshold (cant let go)
35mA Respiratory Paralysis
65mA Heart Filtration (no blood flow)
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Technologies

• Voltage Limiting
• Gas Tube
• Discharge gap between two metal electrodes
• Poor control of peak voltage
• Clamping voltages are too high
• Discharge times are too slow
• Deposits build on the discharge plates with each
  activating surge
• OK for electromagnetic switches, but not for
  todays electronics

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Technologies

• Voltage Limiting
• Gas Tube
• Solid State
• Provides fast, precise, and long lasting
  protection
• Premium alternative to gas tube protectors
• Fast clamping at low voltages
• Performance can significantly reduce failure
  rates for both protector units and surge
  sensitive equipment
• Improved reliability makes it ideal for critical
  service lines

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Speed of a Surge
How Fast Does Electricity Travel Through A Wire? 186,000 Miles/Second
Number of Feet in a Mile? 5,280 Feet / Mile
Speed (in ft/sec) Electricity Travels Through a Wire 1,000,000,000 ft/sec
Time Required for Surge to Travel One Ft. 0.0000000001 Sec. (1 Nanosecond)
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Speed of a Surge
Device Response Time Distance Surge Traveled Past Device Before It Responded
Fuse 300,000 ns 300,000 ft
Carbon Block 5,000-10,000 ns 5,000 - 10,000 ft
Carbon Block 5,000-10,000 ns or 1-2 miles.
Gas Tube 4,000-5,000 ns 4,000 - 5,000 ft
Gas Tube 4,000-5,000 ns Or 1 mile.
Solid-State 2 - 5 ns 2 - 5 ft
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Technologies

• Voltage Limiting
• Gas Tube
• Solid State
• Current Limiting
• Sneak Current Protector Fuses
• Prevents the current that passes by the primary
  protector undetected from burning down building

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Technologies

• Voltage Limiting
• Gas Tube
• Solid State
• Current Limiting
• Sneak Current Protector Fuses
• PTCs
• Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC)
• Automatically reset once the over current is
  removed
• Service calls/costs are dramatically reduced
• Cost of replacement fuses eliminated

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Standards

• National Electric Code (NEC)
• National Fire Protection Agency for Safety
• Article 800 - Telecommunications
• All conductive paths entering or leaving a
  building shall be protected by a listed primary
  protector as soon as possible, but no more than
  50 feet past the building entrance

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Standards

• National Electric Code (NEC)
• Underwriters Laboratory (UL)
• Products listed
• Do not start on fire or cause a fire to be
  started, and
• Do not cause a physical safety hazard to the use

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Standards

• National Electric Code (NEC)
• Underwriters Laboratory (UL)
• UL497 - Primary
• Designed to protect against Lightning and Power
  Crosses
• 100 Amp, 10/1000
• 600V, 350A
• Three Exceptions
• Large metropolitan area
• Less than 140ft
• lt5 Thunderstorm days per year

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Standards

• National Electric Code (NEC)
• Underwriters Laboratory (UL)
• UL497 Primary
• UL497A Secondary
• Installed in series between the primary protector
  and the equipment
• Must safely limit over currents

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Standards

• National Electric Code (NEC)
• Underwriters Laboratory (UL)
• UL497 Primary
• UL497A Secondary
• UL497B Isolated Loop (Fire Alarm or Data
  Circuit)
• For lines that are contained within a building
  and not connected to the public network outside
  the building
• These devices protect against transients usually
  caused by electrostatic discharge and electrical
  shock
• NOT INTENDED FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION

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Standards

• National Electric Code (NEC)
• Underwriters Laboratory (UL)
• UL497 - Primary
• UL497A Secondary
• UL497B Isolated Loop (Fire Alarm or Data
  Circuit)
• UL1449 Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor
• AC Power listing at 330V
• For electrical safety, NOT equipment safety

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Risk Assessment

• Where is the facility (Lightning potential)?
• What is the Power Quality?
• Outside Extensions?
• What is the Ground Quality?
• How Critical is the System?
• What Will It Cost to Replace the System?

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Typical Install
PBX
Primary Protection Telco Demarcation
Secondary
Primary
Primary
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Bubble of Protection

• Backwards Approach
• Three potential conductive paths
• 1) AC Power
• 2) Communications Lines (Telecom)
• 3) Ground System

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Bubble of Protection
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Final Layout
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Bonding Grounding

• Grounding Establish 0V Reference
• Bonding Maintaining 0V Reference
• Two Point Resistance lt 0.1?
• Direct attachment to the closest point in the
  buildings electrical service grounding electrode
  system is preferred
• 90 of problems are due to improper grounding
• Good grounds
• Structural Steel
• Electrical Service Panel

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Bonding Grounding

• Ground Impedance lt 1O
• Tightness of Connections (Check Annually)
• Length (Short as Possible)
• Number of Bends (Straight as Possible)
• Bend Radius (Generous)
• Size/Gauge

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Bonding Grounding

• Ground Impedance (Earth Gnd) lt 1.0 ohms
• Single Point Ground
• Racks
• Cable Trays
• Raised Floor
• Conduits
• Structural Steel
• Equipment
• Cold Water Pipe
• AC Panel

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Bonding Grounding

• Ground Impedance (Earth Gnd) lt 1.0 ohms
• Single Point Ground
• Protect or Ground Unused Pairs

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Bonding Grounding

• Ground Impedance (Earth Gnd) lt 1.0 ohms
• Single Point Ground
• Protect or Ground Unused Pairs
• Use proper gauge wire (AWG)
• Receptacle ground for small systems
• TMGB for large systems

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Ground Size
Primary
Pairs Fuseless Fused
1-2 12 14
3-6 10 14
7-25 6 6

• Secondary
• Not specified by UL or NEC
• Check Manufacturers Specifications
• Depends on size of system and current carry
  capacity

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Example Airport Installation
The damaged phone switch
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Example Airport Installation
A Good Single Point Ground But
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Example Airport Installation
In Another Room, the Ground Wire ITS NOT
CONNECTED TO ANYTHING!
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Dont let this happen to your system
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Questions?

• Contact ITW Linx
• 800-336-5493
• www.itwlinx.com