S?ed?as

1
S?ed?asµ?? ??ad?ast???? S?st?µ?t??

1. ?????p?-?e?t???? µ??t??? a??pt???? s?st?µ?t??
2. ?e??d?????e? s?ed?asµ??
3. ?d???e? s?ed?as?? d?ad?ast???? s?st?µ?t??
4. ????? s?ed?as?? e?????d???
5. S?ed?as? d?ep?fa?e??? d?ad??t???

2
?f?d?a S?ed?ast?

• Te???t??? µ??t??a
• ????? s?ed?asµ??
• ??a?t???? ?d???e? s?ed?as??
• ?a ?e???t??? µ??t??a µp??e? ?a e??a?
• ?pe????µat???? ?a?a?t??a
• ???ß?ept???? ?a?a?t??a

3
?????? ???? d?ad?ast???? s?st?µat??
4
???t??? ?ata????t?

• ???e st?d?? ?????????eta? µe ??e???
• ????µe d?a???t?t?ta t?? f?se??
• ?p????????a µ?s? ep?s?µ?? e????f??
• ??ad?????? a?apa?ast?se?? a??a??µe???
  ?ept?µ??e?a?
• ?d??aµ?a ?ept?µe???? pe????af??
• ???? t? s?ed?asµ? ???p???s?
• ???s? p??t?t?p??
• ?saf?? d?a????sµ?? f?se??

5
?pa?a??pt??? d?ad??as?a s?ed?as??
6
??t??e?µe??st?afe?? d?ad??as?e?

• ?????s?? ?a? S?ed?asµ??
• ??µ???????µe ?deat? µ??t??a ???st?? ?a?
  d?e??as???
• ?e ?ata??af? t?? s?µpe??f????
• ?a? t?? s??se?? t???
• S?ed?????ta? a?t??e?µe?a p?? a????ep?d?? ?
  ???st??
• ??s?µat????ta? se p??t?t?pa ?a? a?????????ta?
• ? ????? t?? ???st??

7
?????p?-?e?t???? µ??t???

• ????? s?ed?as??
• ?st?????µe st??? ???ste? t?? s?st?µat?? ?a? t??
  e??as?e? p?? ep?te???? µe a?t?, ap? t?? a??????
  f?se?? s?ed?asµ??.
• Se ??e? t?? f?se?? s?ed?asµ?? µet??µe t??
  a?t?d?as? t?? ???st?? µe ???s? p??t?p??
  d?ep?fa?e???, e??e???d???, p??s?µ???t?? ??p.
• ?????????µe epa?a??pt??? d?ad??as?a s?ed?as??

8
?ste??e?d?? µ??t???
9
?e??d?????a LUCID (Logical User-Centred
Interactive Design)

• F?s? 1 ???pt??? a?????? ?d?a? t?? s?st?µat??
• F?s? 2. ?????s? a?a???? ?a? apa?t?se??
• F?s? 3. S?ed?asµ?? p?????t?? µe p??t?p? ßas???
  ?????
• F?s? 4. ?pa?a??pt???? s?ed?asµ?? ?a? ße?t??s?
  p??t?t?p??
• F?s? 5. ???pt??? s?st?µat??
• F?s? 6. ?p?st????? a?????? ?e?t?????a?
• (p??? www.cognetics.com)

10
F?s? 1 ???pt??? a?????? ?d?a?

• ??µ??????a a?????? ?d?a? p?????t??
• ???sµ?? ep??e???s?a??? st????
• ??µ??????a ?µ?da? s?ed?asµ?? e????st?a?
• ???sd????sµ?? t?p???? ???st??
• ???sd????sµ?? te?????? ?a? pe??ßa????t????
  pa?aµ?t???
• ???sµ?? p?????, p??s?p????, ?????p?????µµat??,
  p???p?????sµ?? ?????

11
F?s? 2. ?????s? a?a???? - apa?t?se??

• ????sµ?? ???st?? se ?µ??e?e?? ?µ?de? ?a? a????s?
  t?? ?a?a?t???st???? t???
• ?????s? e??as??? se ?e????st?? e??t?te?
• ?????s? t?? a?a???? µ?s? d?µ??????a? se?a????
  ???s?? µe s?µµet??? t?? ???st??
• ?e????af? t?? e??as??? µ?s? ???? st???e??d??
  e??as??? (task flow)
• ??t?p?sµ?? t?? ?????? a?t??e?µ???? ?a? d?µ?? p??
  ?a ???s?µ?p??????? st? d?ep?f??e?a ???st?
• ?p???s? te?????? p??ß??µ?t?? ?a? pe?????sµ??

12
F?s? 3. S?ed?asµ?? µe p??t?p? ßas??? ?????

• ???sµ?? e?d???? st???? e????st?a? s?µf??a µe t??
  a????e? t?? ???st??
• ??µ??????a ?d????? s?ed?asµ?? ?a? ?d???? st??
  a????ep?d?as??
• ???sµ?? e??? µ??t???? p?????s?? ?a? t?? ????a????
  µetaf???? d?ep?f??e?a?
• ???sµ?? t?? ?µ?da? t?? ßas???? ?????? ??sa??????
  ?????, ?e?t???? ????? (home screen), ßas????
  ????e? ?????? d?e??as???.
• ?atas?e?? p??t?t?p?? t?? ßas???? ??????,
  ???s?µ?p????ta? e??a?e?? ???????? p??t?p?p???s??
• ??te?ta? ? ???µ? t?? ???st?? ??a t? p??t?t?p? ?a?
  ?????ta? ?? p??te? µet??se?? e????st?a?

13
F?s? 4. ?pa?a??pt???? s?ed?asµ?? ?a? ße?t??s?
p??t?t?p??

• (epa?a??pt??? d?ad??as?a t?? pa?a??t? ß?µ?t??)
• ?p??tas? t?? ßas???? ?????? se p???e? s?st?µa
• ?µpe????? a???????s? d?ep?f??e?a? ap? e?d?????
  d?ad?ast???? s?st?µ?t??
• ??e????e?a µet??se?? e????st?a? e??e?a? ???µa?a?
• ?a?a???? p??t?t?p?? ?a? ?ept?µe??? p??d?a??af??

14
F?s? 5. ???pt??? s?st?µat??

• ???p???s? t?? s?st?µat?? s?µf??a µe t??
  p??d?a??af?? p?? a?apt??aµe.
• ?p?fas? ??a ???s?µ?p???s? s???e???µ???? e??a?e???
  ?a? p?a?t????.
• ?d?a?te?? p??s??? st?? ?e???sµ? t?? t??p?p???se??
  p?? ?a ep?f????µe ?at? t?? pa???sa f?s?.
• ???s??? st?? a??pt??? ??e?t??????? ß????µ?t??
  (on-line help), e??e???d??? ???s?? ?a?
  e?pa?de?t???? ?????? (tutorials).

15
F?s? 6. ?p?st????? a?????? ?e?t?????a?

• ?at? t?? te?e?ta?a a?t? f?s?, ? ?p??a af??? t??
  a????? ?e?t?????a t?? p?????t??, ?d?a?te?? ?µfas?
  ?a p??pe? ?a d??e? st?? ?p?st????? ?a? e?pa?de?s?
  ???st??, st?? ?ata??af? ?a? a???????s? s?µß??t??
  ?a? s??t???s? t?? s?st?µat??.

16
?.?. ??d?t???? ??s?t????? (1)

• ?µfas?
• ?????s? ???st?? ?a? e??as???
• ???sd????sµ?? apa?t?se?? e????st?a?
• ??t??s? e????st?a? ?a? a???????s?
• ??t?µata e?d?t???a e?s?t????? ?e?t????? sta?µ??
  (?a? a????) ?e?f??e???

17
?????? ?d?a

• ?????s? a?????? ?d?a?
• ?p??e???s?a??? st???? (?)
• ???sµ?? p??ß??µat?? ?ata??af? ?????? e??as???
• ??d?s? e?s?t????? (?a? ep?st??f??)
• ???t?s? ??s?? (µe ap?de??t??? st???e??)
• ?a???s?as? p????f?????

18
?????s? ???st?? ?at?????e?.

1. ???te???te? ???ste?, e??a? a?t?? p??
   a????ep?d???? ape??e?a? µe t? s?st?µa s????. ??
   ???ste? a?t?? p???e?ta? ?a ep??east??? s?µa?t???
   ap? t?? e?sa???? t?? ???? s?st?µat??. ?s??
   ?p???e????? ?a a??????? s?µa?t??? t?? t??p? p??
   e?te???sa? pa?a??te?a t?? s???e???µ??? e??as?a.
2. ?e?te?e???te? ???ste?, e??a? a?t?? p??
   ???s?µ?p????? t? s?st?µa spa???te?a ? µ?s? e???
   e?d?aµ?s??. ??p??? pe??pt?s? e??a? ta d?????t???
   ste???? e??? ???a??sµ??. ? e?sa???? t??
   s?st?µat?? ?s?? a???se? t?? e???t?s? t?? ???st??
   a?t?? ap? t? ?p?????st??? s?st?µa st? ????
   ap?f?se??.
3. ???te???te? ???ste?. ?? ???ste? a?t?? de?
   ???s?µ?p????? p?t? ape??e?a? t? s?st?µa, a???
   ep??e????ta? ap? t?? e?sa???? t??. ?.?. ??
   pe??te? µ?a? ep??e???s??

19
??d?afe??µe??? (stake-holders)

1. ?? eµp?e??µe??? st? s?ed?as? ?a? a??pt??? t??
   s?st?µat??, t? te????? p??s?p???,
   p????aµµat?st??, a?a??t??, s????afe?? e??e???d???
   ??p.
2. ?? ????te? ??????µ??? s?µf????ta s??de?µe?a µe
   t?? ?atas?e?? ? a???? t?? s?st?µat??, ?p?? ?
   ?pe?????? p???se?? t?? eta???a? p?? a?apt?sse? t?
   p????? ? ? a???ast?? t??.
3. ?? ?pe?????? ??a t?? e?sa????, e??at?stas? ?a?
   s??t???s? t??, ?p?? ?? ?pe?????? s??t???s?? t??
   e??p??sµ??, e?pa?de?s?? t?? p??s?p???? ??p.
4. ?? e?d?afe??µe??? ??a t?? ???s? t??, d??ad? ?
   d?????s? µ?a? ep??e???s?? ?a??? ?a? ?? t?e??
   ?at?????e? ???st?? p?? a?af?????a?.

20
User Skills-Tasks Match (USTM)

• - ?? ep???µe? ?a ep?t??e? ? e?d?afe??µe??? ?a?
  p?? µet???ta? ? ep?t???a ??a a?t??
• - ?p? p?? pa???e? e??as?a?? ??a??p???s? ?
  e?d?afe??µe???, p??e? e??a? p??a??? a?t?e? p?es??
  ?a? d?sa??s?e?a?
• - ???a ? ???s? ?a? ?? ??a??t?te? p?? ??e? ?
  e?d?afe??µe???
• - ???a e??a? ? ?p??? t?? e?d?afe??µe??? ap??a?t?
  st?? e??as?a t?? ?a? st??? ?p?????st??
• - ?p?????? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?µ?da? e??as?a?
  st?? ?p??a a???e? ? e?d?afe??µe??? p?? ?a
  ep??e?s??? t?? ap?d??? t?? s?st?µat?? ap? t??
  e?d?afe??µe??
• - ????e?ta? ? e?d?afe??µe??? ?a ??ße? ?p??? t??
  ??µata e??????, asf??e?a? ?a? eµp?ste?t???t?ta?
  p?? t?? af?????

21
?a?a?t???st??? ???st??-???as??? (1)

• (?) ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ???st??
• ?t?µ??? ?a?a?t???st??? ?????a, f?s????
  ??a??t?te?/ ?d?a?te??t?te?, µa??s?a?? ??a??t?ta,
  ???st??? ??a??t?ta, eµpe???a-de???t?te?, ????t?a
  ?a? f???d???e?, p???t?sµ??? ?p?ßa???, f?ß?e?,
  p??s?p???t?ta ??p.
• ?a?a?t???st??? se s??s? µe ?p?????st??
  p??????µe?? eµpe???a se ????sµ??? ?a? ?e?t???????
  s?st?µata, eµpe???a se ???s? s?s?e???, p??d???es?
  ??a?t? ?p?????st?? ?a? p????f?????? ??p.
• ?µad??? ?a?a?t???st??? St???? ?a? ap?st???
  ?µ?da?, s????? ?a? ?µ??????e?a µe??? ?µ?da?,
  a?t???µ?a, e???t?s? ap? ???e? ?µ?de?, d?µ? ?a?
  d??aµ??? ?a?a?t???st???, ?????, a?t?ß???? ?
  ?ata?a??ast??? s?µµet???.

22
?a?a?t???st??? ???st??-???as??? (2)

• (?) ?e??ß?????
• ?e??ß????? e??as?a? S?????e? ????ß??, ?????,
  ???as?a?, s???? ?a?a???t?ta, ???s? ep????d????
  t?????? ??s???
• ??????s? ????? e??as?a? ?a????a ep????????a?
  ???st??, ???a??t??? d?µ?, ep?d?as? a?t?µat?sµ??
  st?? p?a?t??? e??as?a? ?a? pe??e??µe?? e??as?a?,
  ?ata??af? p??a??? ap??e??? ??a??t?t??, ap??e?a
  apas????s??, µetaß???? st? d?µ? e???s?a?,
  ap????t??s?/ s?????t??s? e???s?a?.
• (G) S?????e? apas????s?? t?? ???st??
• F???a pe????af?? µ?a? t?p???? ?µ??a? st? ??? t??
  e??a??µe??? µe s????a ??a t? p?? a?t? ?a
  µetaß???e? ?ta? e?sa??e? t? p??te???µe?? s?st?µa.

23
?a?a?t???st??? ???st??-???as??? (3)

• (?) ?????s? ßas???? e??as???
• ???a??t??? a????s? sp??da??t?ta e??as?a?, ??µata
  asf??e?a?, ????t?a e?t??es?? t??, apa?t??µe??
  ep?ped? ??a??t?ta? ??a t?? e?p???s? t??, e???t?s?
  ap? ???e? e??as?e?,
• ?????s? ???????? pe?????sµ?? s????t?ta e?t??es??
  t?? e??as?a?, µ?s?? apa?t??µe??? ?????? pe??t?s??
  t??, ?????? p??et??µas?a?, tµ?µat?p???s?,
  d??at?t?ta e?t??es?? t?? ?at? d?a???t? tµ?µata
• ?????s? a????p???? eµp????? ?p???e?t????/
  p??a??et???? ?a?a?t??a?, p???a???µe?? p?es?,
  ???t???a ap?d?s??.

24
?a??de??µa

• F???? ?ata??af?? ??????????-???a??t????
  ?a?a?t???st???? ?µ?da? (p??? t? ??? s?st?µa)

25
?.?. ??d?t???? ??s?t????? (2)

• ?????s? ???st??
• ?ata??af? t?p???? d?a?????
• ?e??ß?????
• ???sµ?? ?µ?d?? ???st??
• S????? ta??d??te?
• ???a???a??? ta??d??te?
• ???? ta??d??te?

26
?????s? e??as???

• ?? e??as?e? (tasks) ????? ???µa ??a t?? ???st?
  ?a? p???p???t??? p???es? e? µ????? t??. ?as???
  d?af???p???s? ap? ???e? te?????? p?? ß??p??? t?
  s?st?µa sa? ??a s????? ap? ?e?t?????e? ?
  d?e??as?e? (process functions).
• ?e?a????? ?????s? ???as??? (Hierarchical Task
  Analysis HTA) d??e? ?µfas? p?? µ?a e??as?a
  d?asp?ta? ?a? p?a?µat?p??e?ta? te???? µe e?t??es?
  ep?µ????? e??as???, µ???? t?? pe????af?
  st???e??d?? µ?-pe?a?t??? d?asp?µe??? e?e??e???
  t?? ???st? ? t?? s?st?µat??.
• GOMS (Goals-Operations-Methods-Selection Rules
  St????- e????e?e?- µ???d??-?a???e? ep??????)
  d??e? ?µfas? st?? ???s?a?? d?ad??as?a ep??????
  ap? t?? ???st? ?at??????? t??p?? ep?te???? t??
  st???? p?? s?et????ta? µe t?? p?a?µat?p???s? t??
  s???e???µ???? e??as?a?

27
?.?. ??d?t???? ??s?t????? (3)

• ??e???t?ta t?? t??p?? e??p???t?s??
• ?p????? ?a?a?t???st???? ta??d???
• ??d?s? ?a? pa?a?aß? e?s?t?????
• ...
• ?????pt??? e??as?e? p?? p??pe? ?a ?p?st??????ta?
• ?a????sµ?? p????, ?µ??a?, ??a?, ..., p????µ?

28
?.?. ??d?t???? ??s?t????? (4)

• ?pe?t?se?? e??as???
• ?p????? ?at?????a? t?µ??
• ?p????? ??s?? st? ?e?f??e??
• ?????s? t?? ?a????sµ??
• ?µ??a?
• ??a?
• ...
• ?a???s?as? d?a??s?µ?? d??µ???????

29
???
30
GOMS

• Selection Rule 1 ???s?µ?p???se t? µ???d?
  ?????-?????ST?????S?S e?t?? ap? t?? pe??pt?s? t??
  efa?µ???? ? p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ? µ???d??
  FUNCTION-KEY

GOAL ?????S??????S?-????T???? . select GOAL
???S?-??T????-?????-?????ST?????S?S . . ????????
S?-???????-S?-?????-????? . . ?????G?-?????-??-?
???-??????? . . ?????G?-?????ST?????S?S . GOAL
???S?-??T????-FUNCTION-KEY . . ??????-???????
?-F5
31
?s??s?
32
?????s? apa?t?se?? ???d?a??af?? ?????st?a?

• ????? ?at? t? f?s? s?ed?asµ??, p??pe? ?a ???s??µe
  p??d?a??af?? (st?????) e????st?a?.
• H e????st?a (?) ??s. t? ?????sµa t??
  e?-???st??, ? e?????a st? ???s? e??a? ßas???
  pa??µet??? t?? p???t?ta? e??? d?ad?ast????
  s?st?µat??.
• ???sµ??? e????st?a? pe??????? d?e??? p??t?pa p??
  af????? p???t?ta ????sµ???? (ISO/IEC 9126) ?a?
  ep????????a a????p??-?p?????st? (ISO/DIS 9241-11).

33
???sµ?? ? e????st?a..

• ISO/IEC 9126 a?a??eta? sta e??? ?a?a?t???st???
  t?? s?st?µat?? e?????a e?µ???s??
  (learnability), e?????a ?ata???s??
  (understandability) ?a? e?????a ?e?t?????a? t??
  (operability).
• ISO/DIS 9241-11 e??a? ? d??at?t?ta e???
  p?????t?? p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ap? ?a????sµ?????
  ???ste? µe ?a????sµ????? st?????, ?p?
  ?a????sµ??e? s?????e? ???s?? ?a e??a?
  ap?te?esµat??? (effectiveness), ap?d?t???
  (efficiency) ?a? ?a pa???e? ?p??e?µe????
  ??a??p???s? (satisfaction) st??? ???ste? t??.

34
???sµ?? pa?aµ?t??? e????st?a? ?at? Nielsen

• e?????a e?µ???s??
• ????? ap?d?s? e?t??es?? ?????
• ?aµ??? s????t?ta sfa?µ?t?? ???st? ?a? e?????
  a?????? ap? a?t?
• e?????a s?????t?s?? t?? ???s?? ???s?? t??
• ?p??e?µe???? ??a??p???s? ???st?
• ???t?s? p???? ap? t??? ?p,???,?µp ???ste?
  af????? ?? pa?ap??? pa??µet???

35
St???? e????st?a?

• ??a?t??ta? ap? t? p??f?? t?? t?p???? ???st??
• ?et????ta?
• ?e ???ste? p?? a?tap???????ta? st? t?p??? p??f??
  ???st?
• Se p?a?µat???? ? p??s?µ????µe?e? s?????e?

36
?a??de??µa p??d?a??af?? ?????st?a?

• pa??µet??? e?????a e??at?stas?? p?????t?? se
  t?p??? ?p?????st?
• µ???d?? µ?t??s?? ? ?????? p?? apa?te?ta? ??a
  t?? e??at?stas? t?? p?????t??
• ?e???te?? pe??pt?s? 1 µ??a µe ???s? e??e???d???
• s?????? pe??pt?s? 1 ??a ????? e??e???d?a
• ß??t?st? pe??pt?s? 10 ?ept? µe e??e???d?a
• t?????sa ?at?stas? p????? ???ste? ad??at??? ?a
  e??atast?s??? t? p?????

37
?e???? µ?t??s?? e????st?a? (1)

• ?????? s?µp????s?? µ?a? ?a????sµ???? e??as?a?
• p?s?st? e??as?a? p?? ?????????eta? se ???sµ???
  ?????
• p?s?st? e??as?a? p?? e?te?e?ta? a?? µ???da ??????
  (ta??t?ta)
• ????? ep?t???? p??spa?e??? / ap?t???e?
• ?????? p?? ?ata?a???eta? st? d?????s? sfa?µ?t??
• p?s?st? sfa?µ?t??
• a???µ?? e?t???? p?? apa?t???ta?
• s????t?ta ???s?? HELP ?a? e??e???d???
• p?s?st? ?et???? ?a? a???t???? s?????? ???st??
• a???µ?? epa?a???e?? ap?t???µ???? e?t????
• a???µ?? ep?t???µ???? ?a? ap?t???µ???? p??spa?e???

38
?e???? µ?t??s?? e????st?a? (2)

• ????µ?? pe??pt?se?? p?? ? d?ep?f??e?a ?e?e?? t?
  ???st?
• ????µ?? ?et???? ?a? a???t???? ?a?a?t???st???? p??
  ??µ?ta? ? ???st??
• ????µ?? d?a??s?µ?? e?t???? p?? de?
  ???s?µ?p??????a?
• ????µ?? ?p?????se?? t?? ???st?
• ????µ?? ???st?? p?? p??t?µ??? t? s?st?µa
• ????µ?? p??spa?e??? pa???aµ??? p??ß??µat??
• ????µ?? p??spa?e??? t?? ???st? p?? d?a??p??a?
• ????µ?? pe??pt?se?? p?? ? ???st?? ???e? t??
  ??e???
• ????µ?? pe??pt?se?? p?? ? ???st?? e?f???e?
  ap????te?s? ? e??a??st?s?

39
St???? e????st?a? ?at? t? f?s? s?ed?as??
40
??µ?? de??t?? e????st?a?

• ?a???????ta? ?aµß????ta? ?p???
• ???????µe?? eµpe???a (se pa?a??te?? ??d?s? a?t??
  ? se ???a s?st?µata)
• ??ta???s?t??? s?st?µata
• ??? ap?d?s? t?? a?????? p??t?t?p??
• ??? µ? a?t?µat?p???µ??? e?t??es? t?? e??as?a?
• ????e??ste?? ap?d?s? t?? ?d??? ???st??
• G?a ???e tµ?µa t?? s?st?µat??!

41
?.?. ??d?t???? ??s?t????? (5)

• St???? e????st?a?
• ? e?????a e?µ???s?? ap? t?? p??t?pe??? ???st?
• ? ???µ?? (ta??t?ta) ????????s?? t?? e?e??e???
• ? ??a??p???s? p?? p???a?e? t? s?st?µa st? ???st?
• ?.?. ??d?s? e?s?t????? se 2min/5min
• ??t?µ?s? st???? µe ???s? p??t?p??

42
?p?µe?e? f?se?? s?ed?asµ??

• ?e????af? a?t??e?µ??? ?a? d?µ?? t?? d?ep?f??e?a?
  t?? ???st?
• S?ed?asµ?? p??t?p?? ??????. ???ta ap?fas?
• St?? a????ep?d?as??
• S?s?e??? a????ep?d?as??
• ?p????? ????a? µetaf????
• S?ed?asµ?? p??t?t?p??. ???ta ap?fas?
• ???????? pe??e??µe?? ?a? d??ta?? ??????
• ??? t?? d?a?????
• ???t??? p?????s??

43
??µ??et??? p?a?s??

• ?d???a t?? S?µß?????? 90/270/EEC µe a?t??e?µe??
  "???as?a µe ????e? ?pt???? ape?????s??".
• ? ???a µa? ??e? s?µµ??f??e? µe t?? ?d???a a?t?,
  µe t?? ??d?s? t?? ?? 16/18.1.1996 "?????ste?
  p??d?a??af?? asfa?e?a? ?a? ??e?a? ?at? t??
  e??as?a µe ????e? ?pt???? ape?????s??.
• ? ??µ?? a?t?? pe????e? ?d???e? e?????µ????
  ?a?a?t??a p?? af?????
• t?? p???t?ta ?a? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? e??p??sµ??,
• t?? s?????e? t?? pe??ß?????t?? e??as?a?,
• t? d?ep?f??e?a a????p??-?p?????st?.