Latin American Independence

1
Latin American Independence

• Origins and Movements

2
European Impact

• The role of outside powers in independence
  movements
• War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713)
• Charles II no heir
• Struggle for control
• England, Holland, Most German States v. France,
  Spain, Portugal, Bavaria
• Treaty of Utrecht
• Ended French expansion
• Signaled the rise of the British Empire
• Grants Britain right to slave trade in Spanish
  America

3
Bourbon Reforms

• Charles III (1759-1788) replaces complex Spanish
  bureaucracy with intendancy system.
• Intendants were directly responsible to the crown
• Almost all intendants were peninsulares
• Bourbon reforms expand trade, reorganize
  government authority, and establish colonial
  armies.

4
Precursors of Revolution

• Tupac Amaru
• Peru
• Toussaint LOuverture
• Haiti.
• Francisco de Miranda
• Venezuela.

5
Tupac Amaru - Peru

• Juan Santos The Invincible
• Waged warfare from 1742-1755 against the Spanish
  in the Andes
• Inspired Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui
• Became Tupac Amaru II
• Wanted reforms (labor, taxes, representation)

6
Toussaint LOuverture -Haiti.

• Leader of the Haitian Revolution
• Motivated by Enlightenment Ideals
• French Revolution
• Planters fail to honor Declaration of the Rights
  of Man
• Toussaint raises army, expels French, Spanish,
  and English agents
• Only successful slave uprising in the Americas

7
Francisco de Miranda - Venezuela

• With British help, attempted an invasion of
  Venezuela in 1806
• Goal Independence of Spanish America
• Failed to encourage a response, was forced to
  retreat
• Gained more support, but outbreak of Peninsular
  War ended attempt

8
Background Influences

• Enlightenment ideas (impact on Creole elite).
• Bourbon reforms.
• American Revolution.
• Declaration of Independence
• French Revolution (Haiti).

9
Causes

• Creole v. Peninsular conflict
• SOCIAL
• Creoles used Spains political problems to rise
  up against royal authorities.
• Peninsular War
• Joseph Bonaparte to Spanish Throne
• Mestizos and Indigenous Class Struggle

10
Simon Bolivar

• The Liberator
• Born in Venezuela (1783)
• Wealthy family
• Traveled in Europe
• Enlightenment influences
• Returned to Venezuela
• Participated in revolutionary activity in 1810
• Sent to Britain to seek aid

11
Bolivar Continued

• Fails in gaining aid but recruits Miranda
• Miranda too conservative
• Fails, tries to flee, captured
• Bolivar moves to Colombia
• Gains support for Venezuela
• Peninsular War ends, frees Spanish Army

12
Bolivar Part III

• Flees to Jamaica, then travels to Haiti
• Haitian support if slavery is abolished
• Able to regain foothold in Venezuela
• Gains support of guerillas
• Gains support of llaneros
• (Venezuelan cowboys)
• English give Bolivar support
• Militarily and economically

13
Bolivar the FOURTH (Slide)

• Boyaca
• Liberated Colombia
• Carabobo
• Liberated Venezuela
• Pichincha (Sucre)
• Liberated Ecuador

14
Jose De San Martin

• Born in Argentina
• 20 years military experience (Spanish Army)
• Takes army over Chilean Andes
• Promised freedom to recruit black and mulatto
  voluneers
• Wins decisive battle at Chacabuco
• Follows up at Maipu (1818)

15
Liberation of Peru

• San Martin sails makeshift navy north
• Forces Spanish army out of Lima without a fight
• Spanish Army reorganizes, confronts Martin
• San Martin meets with Bolivar
• ????? San Martin leaves
• Last major battle Ayacucho (12-9-1824)

16
Boyaca

• August 7th, 1819
• Fought near Boyaca, Colombia
• Bolivar 2,900 vs. 2,700 Spanish
• Patriot army catches Spanish off guard, surround
  and defeat them
• 66 Patriot Casualties
• 250 Spanish Casualties 1,600 captured
• Prisoners included Spanish commanders
• Secured Colombian independence

17
Carabobo

• June 24, 1821
• Fought near Caracas, Venezuela
• Bolivar 6,500 vs. 5,000 Spanish
• Patriot army overwhelms and outflanks Spanish
  army (British legion successful)
• 200 Patriot Casualties (probably a lie)
• 3000 Spanish Casualties
• Secured Venezuelan independence

18
Chacabuco

• February 12, 1817
• Fought near Santiago, Chile
• San Martin 4-6,000 vs. 1,500 Spanish
• Chile had declared independence in 1810
• Had been occupied by Spanish forces since 14
• Army of the Andes crosses mountains from
  Argentina, catches Spanish by surprise
• OHiggins and Soler surround overmatched Spanish
• 150 Patriot Casualties
• 500 Spanish Casualties and 600 Captured

19
Maipu

• April 5, 1818
• Fought near the Maipu River, Chile
• San Martin 4000 vs. 6,000 Spanish
• San Martin sends weakest regiment to take Spanish
  flank (Burgos Regiment)
• Burgos overextend themselves, San Martin orders
  Calvary charge
• Battle turns into rout, rout turns into massacre
• 1000 Patriot casualties
• 2000 Spanish casualties, 2200 captured
• Secured Chilean independence

20
Ayacucho

• December 9th, 1824
• Fought near Lima, Peru
• Sucre 7000 vs. 8,000 Spanish
• Royalists had consumed their resources chasing
  around the Patriots
• Royalists forced to fight to gain resources
• Outmaneuvered by Sucre
• 1000 Patriot casualties
• 2100 Spanish casualties, 3500 captured
• Secured Peruvian Latin American Independence

21
Comparison of Latin American Independence
Movements and American Revolution.
22
Similarities

• Both throw off mercantile system of mother
  country to develop colonial economy.
• Both led by well educated elites whose ideas came
  from the Enlightenment.

23
Similarities, continued

• Both were civil wars where large elements of the
  population sided with the mother country.
• Final success was aided by foreign assistance
  (more in North America than South America).

24
Differences

• American Revolution was unified in direction and
  strategy, Latin America was not.
• Economic and cultural isolation of Latin American
  regions from one another, not true of U.S.
• Latin American movement lacked a strong popular
  base.

25
The Monroe Doctrine

• James Monroe December 2, 1823
• Warned European powers not to interfere in the
  affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
• American continents no longer open for European
  colonization
• The United States had a different political
  system than Europe

26
MD Continued

• U.S. would not interfere with existing colonies
  nor interfere in internal affairs of Europe nor
  take part in European wars.
• The American continents henceforth are not to be
  considered as subjects for future colonization by
  any European Powers.

27
Motivation for the Doctrine

• France had abandoned Haiti, Louisiana
• Britain was seeking US alliance in the 1820s
• Latin American independence movements eliminated
  Spain
• Spain was the last potential threat to American
  security
• Spend less on defense and more on civilian
  economy
• USA would grow wealthy because Latin America
  would depend on trade