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Rise of RepublicanismThomas Jeffersons
Presidency
We are all republicans--we are all federalists"
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THOMAS JEFFERSON

• Born in Virginia
• Graduate of William and Mary College
• A practicing lawyer and member of Virginias
  House of Burgesses
• Father of the DOI
• Secretary of State under President Washington
• Vice President under Adams

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A Man of Contradictions

• Anti-British/Pro-French
• Almost allied with England and went to war with
  France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.

• Against slavery
• Owned 200 slaves
• Strict Construction of Constitution
• Used loose construction of Constitution to
  justify his purchase of the Louisiana territory

Jefferson realized that ideas are often hard to
put into practice in the real world.
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By 1800, the Federalist party was split, clearing
the way to the presidency for the
Democratic-Republicans.

• Two men ran for the party nomination Thomas
  Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

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ELECTION OF 1800
Jefferson Burr received an equal number of
votes in the Electoral College This meant that
the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives
was required to choose a president
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Ironically, Alexander Hamilton campaigned for
Jefferson

• Hamilton disagreed on most issues Jefferson stood
  on
• Hamilton personally disliked Jefferson and
  believed Burr to be a most unfit and dangerous
  man.
• It took 35 ballots, but Jefferson finally won.

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REVOLUTION OF 1800
John S. Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Federalist
Democratic/Republican

• Significance of Election of 1800
• Peaceful transfer of power from one political
  party to another (bloodless revolution)
• Revolutionary achievement
• Jefferson referred to his victory and the
  subsequent change-over as the bloodless
  revolution

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ELECTION OF 1800

• Election of 1800 For the second time, a
  president was saddled with a vice-president he
  did not want
• 2. To eliminate future problems
• 12th Amendment Requires electors to specify
  which person they want for President and VP on
  separate ballots so their would never be a tie.

Federalists Democratic RepublicansAdams--Pres--
-65 Jefferson---Pres.---73 Burr---VP----73
electoral college
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A New President

• Jefferson integrated democratic principles into
  presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining,
  casual dress
• Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to
  be read, rather than speaking himself
• Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments,
  used very little patronage, consistent with
  conciliatory inaugural address
• Jefferson as politician used personal charm to
  sway congressional representatives

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Election of 1800

• Jefferson inaugurated March 4, 1801
• Walked to the Capitol dressed as a plain
  citizen
• Connects as a man of the people
• We are all republicans we are all federalists
  Let us, then, with courage and confidence pursue
  our own federal and republican principles, our
  attachment to our union and representative
  government. TJs Inaugural Address

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Democratic-Republicans Take Power

• Democratic-Republicans also won the majority in
  both houses of Congress
• Demonstrated the peaceful transition of power
  under Constitution
• Republicans hoped to reduce the power of the
  federal government
• Reduce the size of the army
• Lower taxes
• Eliminate the national debt
• Do away with the pomp and formality that
  surrounded the office of the Presidency
• Jefferson resisted pressure to replace all the
  Federalists with Republican appointees
• Kept the National Bank system because it was
  practical

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Marbury v. Madison

• Most important court case in US history (1803)
• William Marbury was one of the midnight judges
  appointed by Adams, but never received commission
• Jefferson instructed Madison not to deliver
  commission
• Marbury appealed to the Supreme Court to force
  the president to deliver the commission as the
  Judicial Act of 1789 instructed
• John Marshall sympathized with Marbury but said
  that the law (Judiciary Act of 1789) was
  unconstitutional since it added powers to the
  Supreme Court
• Since the law was unconstitutional, the Supreme
  Court could not force the President to deliver
  the commission
• The first time that the court declared a law
  unconstitutional
• Though the decision limited the power of the
  Supreme Court in this case, it established the
  power of judicial review.
• Greatly expanded the power of the courts to check
  the actions of the Executive and Legislative
  branches.
• It is emphatically the province and duty of the
  judicial department to say what the law is.
  John Marshall

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JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• New type of democracy
• Champion for the common man
• Believed education would prepare them for
  participation in government
• Believed education the key to social mobility
• Educated should rule

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He kept most Federalist programs.

• Continued to uphold the treaties signed by Adams
  Washington
• Followed policy of neutrality
• Did not attack tariffs, Bank, funding at par, or
  assumption of debt

• WHY?
• Felt Federalist diplomats signed good treaties
  with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of
  war.
• The Bank of the United States was helping to get
  the country out of debt
• Federalists preserved democratic gains, while
  fending off anarchy
• Wanted to help 2-party system by showing that
  defeat (for Federalists) didnt mean disaster

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• Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies

• Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition
  Act
• Reduced residency requirement for citizenship
  back to 5 years

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Jefferson and his treasurer Albert Gallatin set
out to reduce the national debt

• Under Hamilton, the government had borrowed money
  to finance national growth
• He thought debt was a good thing If the
  government borrowed from its rich citizens, those
  citizens would have a vested interest in the
  countrys growth
• Jefferson decided to abandon this policy, trimmed
  the federal budget, and cut taxes, all of which
  he succeeded in doing.

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Jeffersonian democracy
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• Jeffersons Presidency is considered a
  transitional period in US History.
• Many historians look at this time period as the
  beginning of the true democracy.
• TJ believed the National Government became too
  powerful during Adams Presidency
• Would try to reduce National Govt. power but
  actually expands Presidential power.

KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS JEFFERSON
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Jeffersonian democracy
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• Visualized an agrarian society
• Feared industrialization and its effects
• Farmers were the chosen class.
• Laissez faire--govt. stays out of peoples lives

• Felt slavery would eventually end but predicted
  it would divide country
• Ultimate goal African Americans would assimilate
  into American society
• Co-existence with Native Americans was a long
  range goal but felt they would have to learn
  agricultural ways and become self-sufficient
• For the time being, felt Native Americans
  whites could not co-exist and worked towards
  voluntary removal of tribes to western lands

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Spanish Land 1800

• Great Britains claims in 1783
• United States in 1783
• Spanish land after 1783

New Orleans
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• In 1800, France Spain signed secret pacts
  France acquires Louisiana New Orleans

French Land in 1801

• Great Britains land after 1783
• United States in 1783
• Spanish land
• New Orleans is a highly desirable port. WHY?

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Haitian rev
NEW ORLEANS
The French and Spanish developed this port city
during the eighteenth century. By century's end
many in the United States saw New Orleans as a
key to the new nation's future expansion and
prosperity.
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Buying New Orleans LOUISIANA

• Jefferson knew that the French would use their
  New Orleans strategic location to restrict
  American trade along the river
• He offered to buy New Orleans and as much of the
  Mississippi Valley as possible from France (10
  million)

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Haitian rev
HAITIAN REVOLUTION

• Toussaint LOuverture, former slave led a slave
  rebellion in French Haiti.
• Napoleon was unable to put down this rebellion.
  He had wanted to use this island as stepping
  stone into America
• Forced him to abandon his dream of a French
  America.

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LOUISIANA PURCHASE
Louisiana purchase

• Since Napoleon lost Haiti was at war with
  Great Britain, he offered the entire Louisiana
  Territory to US for 15 million
• Jefferson authorizes the purchased of the
  Louisiana Territory, making it an excellent
  bargain (about 3 cents an acre)
• Doubled the size of the US
• Considered Jeffersons greatest accomplishment
• Why? Didnt fight a war no blood shed.

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CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION
This sparks a large debate Did the President
even have the right to purchase land if it is not
expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose
construction to justify his decision It was for
the best interest of the nation. It is the case
of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in
purchasing an important adjacent territory and
saying to him when of age, I did this for your
good I pretend to no right to bind you you may
disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I
can I thought it my duty to risk myself for
you.
LP Constitutional ?
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CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION

• Hamilton and Federalists were against the
  purchase
• Why?
• It would create a population shift take
  Federalist power away in Congress
• They feared Jeffersons vision of an agrarian
  society
• Jefferson referred to this as his valley of
  democracy

LP Constitutional ?
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Constitutional Controversy

• Conflicted with his commitment to debt reduction
• It facilitated the removal of eastern Native
  Americans by providing land for their exile
• It promised fulfillment of his dream of an
  agrarian

LP Constitutional ?
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Expansion of the United States
Map 6 of 45
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Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana
Purchase 1803
Map 7 of 45
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LEWIS AND CLARK

• Spring, 1804 Jefferson sends personal secretary
  Merriweather Lewis and army officer William Clark
  to explore north Louisiana
• Corp of Discovery 28 men who accompanied
  Lewis/Clark.
• Included York, an African American slave
• Carried 21 bags of gifts
• Establish good stimulate interest in trading
  for US manufactured goods

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SACAJAWEA

• Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
• Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes
  helped with the success of the expedition.
• She was also a diplomat for Lewis and Clark.
  Knew the languages of mountain tribes
• Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good
  and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

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The Expedition yielded maps, knowledge of Native
Americans, overland trail to Pacific

• It caused many pioneers to turn their attentions
  westward in search of wealth and freedom.

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AARON BURR

• Aaron Burr (1756-1836)
• Born in Newark N.J.
• Democratic Republican
• Fought with the continental Army in the
  Revolutionary war.
• A practicing lawyer in New York City against
  Hamilton
• Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

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HAMILTON VS BURR

• Both held grudges against each other when
  Hamilton accused Burr of being a liar, Burr
  challenged the Federalist leader to a duel

• Hamilton did not fire Burr was indicted for
  murder
• Hamiltons death in 1804 deprived the Federalists
  of their last great leader and earned Burr the
  enmity of many

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BURR Conspiracy

• Political career in ruins, he fled to the West
• In 1806, he schemed to take Mexico from Spain
  and carve a new empire out of the Louisiana
  Territory
• Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered
  Burrs arrest and trial for treason

• A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on
  Marshalls narrow definition of treason and the
  lack of witnesses to any overt act by Burr

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Britain and France Still at War

• In 1805, the British and French were at war and
  at a stalemate. In an effort to gain an
  advantage, each side began blockading the others
  trade routes.

• The US, dependent on both as trade partners,
  suffered greatly from the blockades.
• To add insult to injury, the British began
  stopping American ships and impressing them again

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Chesapeake affair
C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R

• 1807, the USS Chesapeake was sent to protect US
  merchant ships 10 miles off the coast of
  Virginia.
• A British ship in the region ordered it to stop,
  but it refused.
• British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it
  surrendered
• 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors
  impressed

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Chesapeake article
C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R
Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington
Federalist reported, We have never, on any
occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people
excited to so great a degree of indignation, or
such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the
late unexampled outrage on the Chesapeake. All
parties, ranks and professions were unanimous in
their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all
cried aloud for vengeance.
Most Americans were angered over this incident
and public opinion was to go to war with the
British
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EMBARGO ACT

• Jefferson was at a loss.
• He couldnt go to war against the British
  because the US Navy was no match for Englands
  forces.
• If you were Jefferson, what would you do?

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Jeffersons Response

• He decided to boycott by convincing Congress to
  pass the Embargo Act of 1807.
• This cut off trade with all foreign nations
• By cutting off trade with them, he hoped that it
  would force them to respect US neutrality (aka
  economic coercion)

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While boycotting, he decided to increase military
naval expenditures

• Embargo Act hurt the US because it basically shut
  down Americas import and export business,
  causing disastrous economic results
• New Englands economy collapsed (talks of
  secession started), and smuggling became
  widespread
• Jefferson thus repealed the unsuccessful Embargo
  Act and did not run again for president.

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embargo2
EMBARGO ACT

• American people became angry with Jefferson
• The Embargo Act was thus replaced by the
  Non-Intercourse Act by President Madison, which
  allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with
  France and Great Britain

A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against
the embargo cried out, Let every man who holds
the name of America dear to him , stretch forth
his hands and put this accursed thing, this
Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of
liberty, of God, and your country nerve your
arms with vengeance against the Despot
(Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ
of your Independence from you---and you shall be
Conquerors!!!

Our ships all in motion,Once whitend the
oceanThey saild and returnd with a CargoNow
doomd to decayThey are fallen a prey,To
Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.
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JOHN MARSHALL

• Born in Virginia, 1755
• Served as an officer with General Washington
  during the Revolution
• Attended College of William and Mary and became a
  practicing attorney.
• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.

• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his
  court decisions would reflect the need for a
  strong national government over the states.
• Dominated court for 34 years, long after
  Federalist party died out.