Unit II 1607-1763

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Unit II1607-1763

• Part 3

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Three Regions

• Southern
• Middle
• New England

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Southern

• One crop farming rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton
  after 1793
• Plantation System need for cheap labor
• Indentured Servitude
• Slavery after Bacons Rebellion
• Piedmont area small farms, poor, far from water
• Navigable rivers

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Middle

• Large family farms estates
• Produced grain, livestock
• Navigable rivers no need for towns

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New England

• Crumby land, climate
• Lumbering, ship building, fishing
• Small family farms
• Religious issues set New England apart

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Colonial Society Much Social Mobility

• The Upper Crust Large landowners in south mid
  section, NE merchants, ship owners, clergy
• Puritan work ethicGod and material gain
• Lowest class Indentured Servants often traded
  passage for years of service BUT no stigma
• In 1660 13 of the 28 members of the House of
  Burgesses had been indentured servants

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Slavery

• First here in 1619brought by a Dutch ship to
  Jamestown but no one interested
• Not commonplace until after Bacons Rebellion
• Most slaves were used in MINING
• Came to America via the Middle Passage
• Savage treatment
• 30 died on the way
• 11 million totalforced migration

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Slavery

• Slaves not protected by tradition, law or the
  Church
• 1663 in Maryland All African slaves were slaves
  for life
• Citizens could not free slaves if they wanted to
• Children of slaves same status
• Families were split up
• Marriages not considered legally binding

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Slaves

• Slavery was considered absolutely necessary for
  the southern economy
• Education of slaves was forbidden in most of the
  South
• BUT slaves were not cheap. As valuable property,
  they were treated fairly well (considering)

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Slaves

• By 1672, the British had taken over the slave
  trade (asiento) from the Spanish
• Monopoly was given to the Royal African Co. by
  the crown
• Many northerners were morally opposed to slavery
  (Quakers)
• Before cotton was king, more slaves were used in
  the mining industry than on tobacco plantations
• By the Revolution, Slavery was legal in ALL
  colonies

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Native Americans

• 1600 100,000 Native Americans in NE
• 1675 10,000 leftmostly smallpox
• English policy was extermination EXCEPT for the
  Iroquois
• View Natives did not have permanent dwellings
  so no crime in taking their land
• Puritans believed natives were children of the
  Devil

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Native Americans

• Introduced colonists to corn and planting,
  girdling trees, fertilizing, dog issues
• Natives were more skillful in battle but could
  not organize themselves
• Were undone by smallpox and rum

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The English and the Native Americans

• First major conflict 1637 The Pequot War in
  Conn.
• 1675 King Philips War in Mass. (Chief Metacomet
  of the Wanpanoaga tribe)
• The English won in both cases

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Culture and Education

• Not much leisure time for the arts
• Puritans thought most of it was vanity
• Music, theater were immoral
• Practical arts OK furniture, baskets, quilting
  BUT not fancyplain and useful
• Portraits were OK too

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Noteworthy portrait Painters

• John Copley
• Benjamin West
• By 18th C. architecture was Georgian Style

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Literature

• Sermons like Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
  by preacher Jonathan Edwards
• Histories like A History of the Plymouth
  Plantation by Bradford
• Diaries, Almanacs, etc
• Poetry by Anne Bradstreet

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The Scarlet Letter

• By Hawthorn
• Written LATER
• BUT was a commentary on Puritan New England

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Education

• Most important in New England
• Puritan belief All (even girls) should be able
  to read the Bible
• 1636 Harvard established to train ministers
• 1647 Mass. General School Act communities
  taxed to provide for free public schools

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Education

• Middle Colonies some schools most through
  religious groups
• BUT Middle colonies had the widest variety of
  religious denominations
• South few schools. Farms too spread out. Not
  practical BUT wealthy had governesses and tutors

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Education

• All colonial schools were primitive few books,
  worked around the growing season
• BUT higher proportion of literacy in the colonies
  in America than anywhere else on earth
• At first universities only to train ministers
• Later (18th C.) a growing interest in science

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Universities

• The Enlightenment caused folks to demand
  university courses in science and universities
  responded
• Colleges brought men together and served to break
  down local loyalties

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Religion

• Greatest variety in the Middle colonies
• NE Congregationalists and other Protestant
  groups
• South Anglican and others
• All religions NOT equal before the law even after
  the Glorious Revolution

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The First Great Awakening 1730-1744

• A colony-wide religious revival
• Salvation through the grace of God
• Message away from doctrine
• Preached Hellfire and brimstone
• J. Edwards and Sinners in the Hands
• Gilbert Tenant (Presbyterian) in Middle colonies
• George Whitefield (Methodist) but preached in
  many colonies. He had impressed Benjamin
  Franklin who was a Deist.

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The First Great Awakening

• Reduced the sharpness of the differences between
  the colonies
• People confessed their sins openly
• Sermons scared them to death
• By 1744 it was over
• People joined Anglican church. They were
  embarrassed by their emotional excesses

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The Enlightenment(The Age of Reason)

• Emphasized reliance on reason rational thinking
• Newtons Natural Laws of the universe
• Adam Smith Supply and demand ARE natural laws of
  economics
• The well-rounded man Jefferson and Franklin
  (Did they represent the typical American or were
  they exceptional?)

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Deism

• The rational religion
• Accepted the existence of a creator
• BUT once the universe was created, the Creators
  presence was not necessary as natural laws of the
  universe kept things running.
• Jefferson, Franklin and most other real students
  of the Enlightenment embraced DeismGod as a
  watchmaker.

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Science

• Professorships in science were offered at Wm and
  Mary, Harvard, Kings College (now Columbia)
• Rittenhouse built the first American Orrery
  (model of the solar system)
• 25 Americans were elected to the Royal Society to
  Promote Scientific Knowledge

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The Enlightenment

• Cotton Mather (one of our foremost experts on
  witches and witchcraft) promoted inoculation
  against smallpox
• John Bartram (an American) was appointed royal
  botanist to King George III
• John Locke Man can gain knowledge and power
  over the universe through observation and
  experiment.

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Newspapers and books

• Type and paper were expensive so there were few
  subscribers to newspapers, etc, BUT many, many
  readers
• Peter Zenger 1734 NY brought charges in the
  press against NYs Royal Governor. Was jailed,
  tried but acquitted. Not guilty since charges
  were truea landmark case for freedom of the press

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The Calendar

• Until 1752 Dutch, Germans, Swedes and most from
  the continent used the New Style calendar
• The English used the Julian (old style) calendar
• A ten-day problem with some holidays
• The English switched over
• Also, NE Congregationalists and Delaware Quakers
  had their own version of the Julian
  calendarstripped of pagan references

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Crime and Punishment

• Few incarcerationstoo costly to the community
• Public humiliation or execution instead
• Funerals more public and social than weddings
• Recreation sledding, sleigh rides where there
  were horses and snow, hunting, fishing, horse
  racing, bull baiting, cock fighting

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The Sabbath

• Celebrated differently depending on where one was
• Puritans Rigid. Could not grind corn, or work
  at all. The sheriff could not even arrest
  criminals
• The Dutch taverns were open

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Trivia

• Bed and Board (Chairman)
• Diets (beverages until mid 17th C not much)
• Trenchers
• Cutlery
• Bathing
• Home Heating
• Chimney cleaning
• To crack a smile
• Marriage Agelower as time went on

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The Dutch

• New Netherlands (NY State)
• New Amsterdam (NY city) (1609)
• The Patroon System
• Did not consider the colony worth fighting for
  when the English Duke of York sent soldiers
  (1660s)

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The Others

• The Swedes the ax, log cabin
• The Palatine Germans The connestoga wagon
  (prairie schooner), Christmas
• The Scots-Irish to the frontier (Penn., Va.
  Backcountry)