THE THIRTEEN COLONIES

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THE THIRTEEN COLONIES
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COLONIES

• Land owned operated by another country, usually
  referred to as the mother country
• 16th 17th century, competition amongst European
  nations to discover own the most land
• Portugal, Spain
• England, France

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REASONS FOR EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS TO THE AMERICAS
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JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)

• Several investors who pooled their wealth in
  support of a colony
• Business venture for profit
• Received a charter from the King? an official
  permit to start a colony from the English monarch
  who was entitled to a portion of the profits

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JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)

• Advantages
• Mother Country her colony is developed
  protected at no cost to her
• Company receives all the profits

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JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)

• Proprietorship Colony
• Type of charter colony, but the charter is
  granted to an individual or family, eg. William
  Penn

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ROYAL COLONY

• Colony is owned operated by the Mother Country.
  
• Monarch appoints a Governor manage the colony in
  his name
• Mother Country provides
• Supplies
• Capital
• Settlers
• Military support protection
• A form of government officials
• Colony provides
• Natural resources
• Market for manufactured goods

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WHY ENGLAND BECAME A COLONIAL POWER?
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Roanoke Colony, 1585The Lost Colony

• Sir Walter Raleigh
• 1585-founded the Virginia Company
• 1587- lead an expedition with 100 people Planted
  the first English Colony on Roanoke Island (off
  the coast of what is now North Carolina)
• named the land in North America he claimed for
  England ? Virginia
• Returned in 1590--Mystery

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COLONY 1

• VIRGINIA

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VIRGINIA, 1608

• The Charter of the Virginia Company
• A joint-stock company that guaranteed to
  colonists the same rights as Englishmen as if
  they had stayed in England.
• This provision was incorporated into future
  colonists documents.
• Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they
  had the rights of Englishmen!

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VIRGINIA

• Spring 1607 ? about 144 colonists all men
  sailed on the Susan B. Constant landed at mouth
  of Chesapeake Bay named it Jamestown
• May 24, 1607 ? land at Jamestown, along banks of
  James River, after King James I
• Easily defended, but swarming with
  disease-causing mosquitoes.

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Chesapeake Bay
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VIRGINIA

• Problems
• 1606-1607 ? 40 people died on the voyage to the
  New World.
• 1609 ? another ship from England lost its leaders
  and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.
• Settlers died by the dozens! 1608, another ship
  arrived found only 38 people still alive
• Gentlemen colonists would not work themselves.
• Game in forests fish in river uncaught.
• Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of
  hunting or farming.

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John Smith,1580-1631

• Became a leader of the Jamestown colony its first
  winter at age 28
• If any would not work, neither should he eat.
• Developed a relationship with the Powhatan tribe
  ? able to survive

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Pocohantas

• daughter of Chief Powhatan
• defends the life of John Smith
• marries John Rolfe

A 1616 engraving
Pocahontas saves Captain John Smith
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THE STARVING TIME

• 1608-1618, Over 200 new settlers are transported
• ? Only 400 survive
• 1618, colony reorganized? .granted 100 acres of
  free land to all free men
• Adult life expectancy 40 years
• Death of children before age 5 80

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TOBACCO
What finally made the colony prosperous?? John
Rolfe developed a new strain of tobacco
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Tobacco Plant
Virginias gold and silver.-- John Rolfe, 1612
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Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco. 1622 Despite losing nearly
one-third of its colonists in an
Indian attack, Virginia produces
60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627
Virginia produces 500,000 pounds
of tobacco. 1629 Virginia produces
1,500,000 pounds of
tobacco.
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Tobacco Economy required a labour force

• HEADRIGHT SYSTEM, (1618)
• Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose
  passage they paid.

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• INDENTURED SERVANTS
• (Indenture Contract)
• 5-7 years.
• Promised freedom dues land,
• Forbidden to marry.
• 1610-1614 only 1 in 10 outlived their
  indentured contracts!

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• SLAVERY (1619)First Africans arrived in
  Jamestown in 1619.
• Their status was not clear ? perhaps slaves,
  perhaps indentured servants.
• Slavery not that important until the end of the
  17c.

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• First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
• Their status was not clear ? perhaps slaves,
  perhaps indentured servants.
• Slavery not that important until the end of the
  17c.

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Virginia

• Tobaccos effect on Virginias economy
• Vital role in putting Virginia on a firm economic
  footing.
• Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.
• Chained Virginias economy to a single crop.
• Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation
  system.
• Need for cheap, abundant labor.

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Problems with the Natives

• Relations between Indians settlers grew worse.
• General mistrust because of different cultures
  languages.
• English raided Indian food supplies during the
  starving times.
• 1614-1622 ?peace between Powhatans and the
  English because of the marriage of Pocahontas to
  Englishman John Rolfe.

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• 1622-1644 ? periodic attacks between Indians and
  settlers.
• 1622 ? Indians attacked the English, killing 347
  including John Rolfe.
• Virginia Co. called for a perpetual war against
  the Native Americans.
• Raids reduced native population and drove them
  further westward.

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Powhatan Uprising of 1622
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Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony

• James I grew hostile to Virginia
• He hated tobacco.
• He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he
  called a seminary of sedition.
• 1624 ? he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA
  Company.
• Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the kings
  direct control!

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Bacons Rebellion 1676

• Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were
  friendly or not to whites.
• Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
• They burned the capital.
• Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
• Bacon suddenly died of fever.
• Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and
  hanged 20 rebels.

Nathaniel Bacon
GovernorWilliam Berkeley
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COLONY 2

• MASSACHUSETTS

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English Reformation

• 16th century movement for religious reform
• Led to the founding of churches that rejected the
  Popes authority
• Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and
  formed the Church of England (Anglican Church)

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Puritans

• A group in England who wanted to purify or reform
  the Church of England
• Wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman
  Catholicism

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2 Groups of Puritans

• Separatists
• Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of
  England and form their own separate congregations
• Reformers
• Puritans who did not want to leave the Church of
  England? just reform it believed that reform
  was possible

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PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620

• Separatists in England felt they were being
  persecuted in went to Holland
• 1620,a group of 102 Separatists, lead by Captain
  Myles Standish negotiated with the Virginia
  Company to settle in its jurisdiction.
• Set sail on the Mayflower from Plymouth,England

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Mayflower Compact

• Written signed before the Pilgrims disembarked
  from the ship on November 11, 1620
• Considered the first written constitution in
  North America
• Radical idea
• Government depends on the consent of the governed
• Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies
  to make laws in town meetings.

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PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620

• Landed at Plymouth Rock on December 25, 1620

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PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620

• Winter of 1620-1621
• Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.
• Fall of 1621 ? First Thanksgiving.
• Colony survived because of the help of the local
  native tribe, lead by Squanto with fur
  especially beaver, fish, and lumber.
• 1626-they bought out their backers, and formed
  Plymouth Colony, based on puritan principles
• But, Plymouth stayed small and economically
  unimportant.
• 1691 ? only 7,000 people
• Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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Plymouth Plantation
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Massachusetts Bay Company, 1630

• Joint Stock company funded by Reformer Puritans
  that received a charter in 1629 to form the
  Massachusetts Bay
• 1630 ? 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked
  ships
• Established a colony with Boston as its hub

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Great Puritan Migration, 1629-1642

• Over 14,000 settlers , mainly Puritans , arrived
  brought over by the Massachusetts Bay Company
  fleeing religious persecution against Puritans
  under King Charles I Turmoil in England leading
  to the English Civil War Plymouth Colony
  incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony

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John Winthrop

• Wealthy attorney and manor lord in England.
• A Model of Christian Charity.
• Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.
• Believed that he had a calling from God to lead
• Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19
  years.

..we shall be as a City on a hill. The eyes of
all people are upon us.
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Puritanism

• Beliefs
• Part of the Church of England
• Churuch was the centre of the community
• Controlled by the Elect or Visible Saints
• Education
• Harvard, 1626
• Government
• Democracy-the Elect

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Salem Witchcraft Trials,

• Witchcraft
• Beliefs
• Trials

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COLONY 3

• NEW HAMPSHIRE
• 1623

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NEW HAMPSHIRE

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Exeter
• FOUNDED
• 1623
• LEADER
• John Wheelwright

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COLONY 4

• CONNECTICUT
• 1636

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CONNECTICUT

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Hartford
• FOUNDED
• 1636
• LEADER
• Thomas Hooker

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Fundamental Orders

• 1639
• A constitution governing colonial Connecticut
• Establishing a democratic state controlled by
  substantial citizens

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COLONY 5

• MARYLAND
• 1632

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MARYLAND

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• St. Marys
• FOUNDED
• 1632
• LEADER
• George Calvert the first Lord Baltimore

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Lord Baltimore

• Catholic Englishman
• Founded the Maryland colony on the idea of
  religious freedom where Protestants and Catholics
  could live together in peace

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Maryland Act of Toleration

• Landmark act passed by the Maryland assembly
• Guaranteed freedom of religion ( but only for
  Christians )
• Radical idea at this time
• The penalty for anyone who did not believe in
  Christ was to be hanged
• No toleration for Jews, atheists, muslims, etc

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COLONY 6

• RHODE ISLAND
• 1636

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RHODE ISLAND

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Providence
• FOUNDED
• 1636
• LEADER
• Roger Williams

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Roger Williams

• Puritan who was tolerant of other religions
• Did not believe in killing or punishing people in
  the name of Christianity
• Did not believe in a tax supported church
• Supported separation of church and state
• Indian land should be paid for
• Banished from MBC for his beliefs

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Roger Williams

• Started a colony called Providence which would
  become RI
• Bought land from the Native Americans to start
  the colony
• Narranganset Indians helped him when he was
  banished
• Based on freedom of conscience
• Attracted Quakers, Catholics, Jews

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Roger Williams

• " We may praise him .. for his defense of
  religious liberty and the separation of church
  and state . He deserves the tribute but it
  falls short of the man. His greatness was
  simpler. He dared to think. "
• - Edmund Morgan who wrote a book about Roger
  Williams

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Ann Hutchinson

• Religious dissenter (like Roger Williams)
• Put on trial for her beliefs
• Banished from the MBC
• Fled to RI and later to NY

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Chronological Order

• Protestant Reformation
• Founding of the Plymouth Colony
• The Great Puritan Migration
• Founding of Rhode Island

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COLONY 7

• DELEWARE
• 1638

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DELEWARE

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Wilmington
• FOUNDED
• 1638
• LEADER
• Peter Minuit

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COLONY 8

• NORTH CAROLINA
• 1663

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NORTH CAROLINA

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Albemarie County
• FOUNDED
• 1663
• LEADER
• Group of eight proprietors

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COLONY 9

• SOUTH CAROLINA
• 1663

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SOUTHCAROLINA

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Charles Town (later Charleston)
• FOUNDED
• 1663
• LEADER
• Group of eight proprietors

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COLONY 10

• NEW YORK
• 1664

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NEW YORK

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• New York
• FOUNDED
• 1664
• LEADER
• Peter Minuit

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Henry Hudson

• Dutch explorer searching for the Northwest
  Passage
• Land in North America he claimed for Holland
  called New Netherlands

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Dutch West India Company

• The business that owned most of Hollands
  colonies
• Fur trading
• More interested in its colonies in India

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Peter Stuyvesant

• Dutch governor of New Netherlands

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1664 British take New Netherlands

• from Holland without firing a shot
• Given to the Duke of York by the King of England
  (his brother)
• renamed it New York

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Proprietor

• Owners of colonies who expected the people who
  lived on their land to pay them a tax called a
  quit rent.

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COLONY 11

• NEW JERSEY
• 1664

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NEW JERSEY

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• East Jersey Carteret
• West Jersey Salem
• FOUNDED
• 1664
• LEADER
• Lord Berkeley
• Sir Carteret

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COLONY 12

• PENNSYLVANIA
• 1681

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PENNSYLVANIA

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Philadelphia
• FOUNDED
• 1681
• LEADER
• William Penn

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William Penn
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Quakers
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COLONY 13

• GEORGIA
• 1732

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GEORGIA

• FIRST SETTLEMENT
• Savannah
• FOUNDED
• 1732
• LEADER
• James Oglethorpe

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James Ogelthorpe

• Wanted to create a colony where debtors could go
  instead of going to jail
• Debtors ended up being only a small percentage of
  the actual settlers
• The buffer colony
• from Spanish colonies south (Florida)
• From French claims west (Louisiana)