Age of Jefferson

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Age of Jefferson

• Unit IIIA
• AP United States History

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Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809)

• Plantation and slave owner from Virginia
• Statesman
• Assemblyman
• Declaration of Independence
• Governor
• Minister to France
• Secretary of State
• Vice-President
• President
• Democratic-Republican
• Founded the party in opposition to Alexander
  Hamiltons Federalists
• Kentucky Resolution
• Inaugural Address
• Every difference of opinion is not a difference
  of principle... We are all Republicans, we are
  all Federalists.
• Renaissance Man
• Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist

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What is Jeffersonianism?

• Republicanism and Civic Virtue
• Civic duty
• Voting and efficacy
• Right to education
• Natural Elites
• Resist corruption
• Federalism and States Rights
• Ultimate sovereignty in the states and
  nullification
• Strict constitutionalist
• Dominant legislature, weak judiciary
• Economic coercion over standing armies
• Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens
• Educated landowners exemplified independence and
  virtue
• Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry
• Responsibility of subsistence
• Dependence led to class conflict
• Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy
• Americas responsibility to spread democracy
• Avoid entangling alliances

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Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?

• Consider the following historical concepts and
  events in regards to the question
• The Federal Judiciary
• Louisiana Purchase
• Barbary/Tripoli Pirates
• Embargo Act of 1807

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First Political Party System (1789-1824)
Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson

• Federalists
• National policies
• Strong central government
• Loose constructionists
• Commerce and manufacturing
• Urban
• The rich, the well-born, the able merchants,
  bankers
• Pro-British
• Anti-French revolution
• Northeast

• Democratic-Republicans
• States rights
• Strong local/state governments
• Strict constructionists
• Agricultural
• Rural
• Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans
• Anti-British
• Pro-French Revolution
• West and South

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Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary

• Midnight Judges
• Judiciary Act of 1801
• Adams (F) last minute federal judicial
  appointments
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• Judicial review
• It is emphatically the province and duty of the
  judicial department to say what the law is.
  Chief Justice John Marshall
• Impeachments
• John Pickering
• Associate Justice Samuel Chase

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Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase(1803)

• Napoleons Plans
• Jeffersons Plan
• Brokered a deal for 15 million
• Doubles the size of the United States
• Federalist opposition
• Lewis and Clark Expedition

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Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates

• Washington and Adams
• Paid bribes to Barbary states to avoid piracy
• Jefferson
• Barbary states increase bribes
• U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched
• Treaty reached in American favor

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Jefferson and the Embargo Act

• Napoleonic Wars
• Britain vs France
• British and French impressment of Americans
• HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake
• Embargo Act of 1807
• Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports
  for foreign ports
• Economic impact on Americans

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Election of 1808

• James Madison (D-R)
• Charles Pinckney (F)
• Federalists gained congressional seats

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James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817)

• Napoleonic Wars
• Impressment continues
• Non-intercourse Act of 1809
• Macons Bill No. 2 (1810)
• Western Frontier
• Alleged British influence on Natives
• Native wars
• War of 1812

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Causes of the War of 1812

• United States vs. Great Britain
• British impressment
• Alleged British influence in the western frontier
• War Hawks in Congress
• John C. Calhoun
• Henry Clay
• Opposition to War
• Federalists
• Old guard Dem-Reps
• New England and merchants

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War of 1812British Invasion

• Chesapeake Campaign
• Invasion of Washington D.C.
• Burning of the White House
• Nature FTW
• Fort McHenry and Baltimore
• Star-Spangled Banner and Francis Scott Key

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Old Ironsides

• Constructed in 1797
• Still in commission

42 Wins 0 Losses
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War of 1812Battles with Frontier Natives

• Tecumsehs War
• Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
• Battle of the Thames (1813)
• Creek War
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

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End of the War

• End of Napoleonic Wars
• Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)
• Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

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Hartford Convention (1814)

• Platform
• Federal economic assistance for New England
• 2/3 congressional majority for embargoes, state
  admission, and declaration of war
• Rescind the Three-Fifths Compromise
• One-term president and no same-state successor
• Talk of secession by radicals
• After War of 1812
• Perceived as traitors
• Effectively weakened as a national party

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War of 1812s Impact

• Growth of nationalism
• Ushered in an Era of Good Feelings
• Domestic industrial and manufacturing development
• Emphasis on national infrastructure
• Promotion of professional military
• International respect
• Natives significantly weakened
• Increased drive to expand west

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Era of Good Feelings

• Unit IIIB
• AP U.S. History

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A National Perception
Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square John
Lewis Krimmel, 1819
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Era of Good Feelings POLJames Monroe (D-R)
(1817-1825)
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Era of Good Feelings POLThe Marshall Court

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Bank of the United States constitutional under
  necessary and proper
• States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• Increased federal governments interstate
  commerce authority

Chief Justice John Marshall
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Era of Good Feelings POL The Great Triumvirate
WEST Henry Clay of Kentucky
NORTH Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
SOUTH John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
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Era of Good Feelings POLMissouri Compromise
(1820)

• Proposed by Henry Clay
• Missouri admitted as slave state
• Maine admitted as free state
• Establish Latitude 36 30 Line
• North of the line is free
• South of the line is slave

• Missouri question aroused and filled me with
  alarmI have been among the most sanguine in
  believing that our Union would be of long
  duration. I now doubt it much. - Thomas
  Jefferson, April 13, 1820

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Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
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Era of Good Feelings WORMonroe Doctrine (1823)

• U.S. and Great Britain concerned about European
  expansion into Americas
• John Q. Adams authored
• Points
• Americas no longer to subject to European
  colonization
• Europe must not interfere with sovereignty of
  independent nations in Americas

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Americas Market Revolution

• Subsistence farming to market specialization
• Free enterprise system
• Capital investment and state charters
• Development of state and national infrastructure
  and networks

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Americas Market Economy WXT Cumberland Road
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Americas Market Economy WXTErie Canal
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Americas Market Economy WXT The Clermont
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Americas Market Economy WXTRailroad

• Faster and durable form of transportation
• Introduced in late 1820s
• Only small lines between major regional cities

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Americas Market Economy WXTTelegraph

• Samuel Morse in 1844
• Information becomes widespread
• Efficient control and administration of politics,
  business, transportation, markets

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Americas Market Economy WXT
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Americas Market Economy - WXT
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Americas Market Economy WXT Innovations
Steam engine
Spinning jenny
Interchangeable parts
Cotton gin
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Americas Market EconomyAgriculture and Cotton

• Evolution of Cotton
• Technological Advancements
• Eli Whitneys cotton gin
• Improved transportation
• King Cotton
• Impact of Improved Agriculture
• Regional specialization
• Increased drive for western expansion
• Increased demand for slavery

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Americas Market EconomyIndustry and the
Factory System

• Evolution of Textiles
• Putting-out system
• Technological advancements
• Samuel Slater
• Lowell System
• Vertically integrated system
• Boardinghouses
• Recruitment of young women
• Impact of Industrialization
• Increased output
• Opportunities for unskilled labor
• Weakened artisans
• Increased urbanization
• Increased American competitiveness

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Americas Market Economy - WXTThe American System

• Henry Clays Plan
• Protective tariffs
• Develop domestic industries
• Source of federal revenue including
  infrastructure projects
• Tariff of 1816
• Rate of 20-25
• National bank
• Facilitate commerce and credit systems
• Second Bank of the United States (BUS) (1816)
• Infrastructure
• National roads, canals, internal improvements
• Improved transportation connected and expanded
  markets

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Americas Market Economy WXTPanic of 1819

• Causes
• Western land speculation
• War inflation then post-war deflation
• BUS pursued contractionary monetary policy
• Aftermath
• First recession of market economy
• Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffs
• Southern farmers demanded low tariffs
• Westerners criticized speculators and bankers

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United States c. 1824