Early Republic

1
Early Republic

• Washingtons Steps To Success
• UNIT 6

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Step-1, The Presidents Title

• inauguration, the ceremony in which the President
  takes the oath of office
• precedent, an act or a decision that sets an
  example for others to follow

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Step-1, The Presidents Title

• One precedent Washington set was what to call the
  President
• Some suggested
• - President Washington
• - His Highness the President of the United
• States and Protector of the Rights of the
• Same
• Washingtons choice
• - President of the United States

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Step-2, The First Cabinet

• Cabinet, the heads of government departments
• The original five executive departments as
  created in 1789
• 1- State Department
• 2- Treasury Department
• 3- War Department
• 4- Attorney General
• 5- Postmaster General

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Step-2, The First Cabinet

• The cabinet was created to advise the President
  and direct departments
• Washington chose well known leaders
• The two most well known were
• 1- Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson
• 2- Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton

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Step-3, Federal Court System

• Judiciary Act, a 1789 law that created the
  structure of the Supreme Court and set up a
  system of district and circuit courts

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Step-3, Federal Court System

• Make up of the Court
• - one Chief Justice
• - five associate justices
• - John Jay was the first Chief Justice
• - district and circuit court decisions could be
  appealed to the Supreme Court, the highest in the
  land
• Today we have 8 associate justices

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Step 4, Reduce the National Debt

• national debt, is the total amount of money that
  a government owes to others
• bond, a certificate that promises to repay the
  money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date

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Step-4, Reduce National Debt

• Hamiltons Plan
• - pay off national debt
• - pay off state debts
• Buy bonds issued by both state and federal
• Passed new bonds to pay off old
• As economy improved, government could pay off
  debts
• Bankers and investors welcomed Hamiltons plan

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Step-4, Reduce National Debt

• Debating Hamiltons Plan
• speculator, someone who invest in a risky
• venture in hope of making large profit
• worried it would reward speculators
• loss of investor trust
• should not make big profit from war
• most southern states had paid off their debts

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Step 5, Plan to Build the Economy

• Bank of the United States, bank set up using tax
  dollars

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Step 6, TAXES

• tariff, tax on foreign goods brought into the
  country from another place

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Bank of the United States

• Encourage economic growth
• - deposited money from taxes
• - issued paper money to pay off debt
• - made loans to farmers and businesses

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Tariff on Foreign Goods

• Make foreign goods more expensive
• - protect American goods from foreign
  competition
• - Southern farmers protested
• - the tariff passed was lower than what
  Hamilton had wanted

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Causes and Results of the Whiskey Rebellion

• Causes
• To raise money for the Treasury, Congress
  approved a tax on all liquor made and sold in the
  United States.
• Backcountry farmers grew corn. It was easier to
  get their product to market if they turned their
  corn into whiskey first. They hated the tax on
  whiskey. They rebelled, marching in protest and
  tarring and feathering tax collectors

• Results
• Washington called up the militia and sent them to
  put down the rebellion. The rebels fled back to
  their farms.
• The national government had shown that it would
  act firmly in times of crisis.
• It also showed that violence would not be
  tolerated.

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American Opinions of the French Revolution

• The French Revolution
• In 1789, the French rebelled against their king.
• The peasants and the middle class paid heavy
  taxes, while nobles paid none.
• Reformers wanted a constitution to limit the
  kings power and protect basic rights.

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• American Views Favoring the French Revolution
• Americans knew what it meant to struggle for
  liberty.
• France had been their first ally.
• Americans admired the Marquis de Lafayette, who
  had fought with them in the American Revolution.
• Jefferson The French had the right to use
  violence to win freedom

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• American Views Against the French Revolution
• The revolution turned violent. The king, queen,
  and tens of thousands of others were executed.
• Hamilton and Adams Democracy cant be created
  through widespread violence.

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Washington Wanted to Keep the Nation Neutral

• Following the French Revolution, wars broke out
  between France and England.
• Washington had to decide on a foreign policythe
  actions that a nation takes in relation to other
  nations

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• Washington knew the United States had signed a
  treaty with France that made the two countries
  allies. He worried that the United States could
  not honor the treaty and still remain neutral, or
  not take sides.
• After much debate, Washington issued the
  Neutrality Proclamation, which stated that the
  United States would not support either side in
  the war. It forbade Americans from aiding either
  side.

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Difficulties Over Neutrality

• Warring European nations seized American ships.
• John Jay negotiated a treaty with Great Britain.
  Jays Treaty said
• Britain had to pay damages for seized American
  ships.
• Britain agreed to give up its forts in the West.
• Americans had to pay debts owed to British
  merchants.

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• Many Americans protested Jays Treaty because it
  did nothing to protect the rights of neutral
  American ships.
• When Washington retired, in his Farewell Address
  he advised Americans to stay out of European
  affairs.

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• Political Parties Emerge

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Many Americans Distrusted Political Parties

• Americans had seen how factions, or opposing
  groups within parties, worked in Britain.
• Members of factions were often more interested in
  personal gain than in public good.
• Political parties could be a threat to national
  unity. They could lead to jealousies and false
  alarms.

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The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson

• ISSUES
• 1- Manufacturing or farming
• 2- Federal or state power
• 3- Strict or loose interpretation of the
• Constitution
• 4- Britain or France

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Hamiltons Views

• 1-Thought the government should encourage
  manufacturing and trade.
• 2- Favored cities and merchants.
• 3- Federal government should have greater power
  than state governments.
• 4-A strong federal government would increase
  commerce and keep the peace.

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• 5-Preferred a loose interpretation of the
  Constitution.
• 6-Believed the Constitution gave Congress the
  power to make all laws necessary and proper to
  carry out its duties.
• 7-The Bank of the United States was necessary.
• 8- Wanted close ties with Britain.

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Jeffersons View Point

• 1-Thought farmers were the backbone of the
  nation.
• 2-Feared manufacturing would concentrate power in
  the hands of a few wealthy Americans.
• 3-A small federal government would protect
  individual freedom.
• 4-A strong federal government might take over
  powers the Constitution gave to the states.

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• 5-Preferred a strict interpretation. Any power
  not specifically given to the federal government
  belonged to the states.
• 6-The Bank of the United States was
  unconstitutional, or not permitted by the
  Constitution.
• 7-Wanted close ties with France.
• 8- laissez faire- economic term which means
  let alone.

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Why Political Parties Developed

• Hamilton and Jefferson clashed in private.
• Jefferson and James Madison decided to organize
  the supporters of their views. They met with
  leading New York politicians.
• Leaders in other states organized to support
  either Hamilton or Jefferson. Jeffersons
  supporters called themselves Democratic
  Republicans. Hamiltons supporters were called
  Federalists.
• Newspapers began to take sides.
• The two political parties took part in the
  election of 1796.

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Federalists VS. Republicans

• Were led by Alexander Hamilton
• Believed wealthy and well educated should lead
  nation
• Favored strong central government
• Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade
• Favored loose interpretation of Constitution
• Were pro-British
• Favored national bank
• Favored protective tariff

• Were led by Thomas Jefferson
• Believed people should have political power
• Favored strong state governments
• Emphasized agriculture
• Favored strict interpretation of Constitution
• Were pro-French
• Opposed national bank
• Opposed protective tariff

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The Election of 1796

• Republican candidates
• - Thomas Jefferson for President
• - Aaron Burr for Vice-President
• Federalists candidates
• - John Adams for President
• - Thomas Pinckney for Vice-President

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THE WINNERS

• PRESIDENT- John Adams
• VICE-PRESIDENT- Thomas Jefferson

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The Second President

• How did John Adams handle the conflict with
  France?
• Why did the Federalist party split?
• How did the Alien and Sedition acts raise the
  issue of the rights of states?
• What role did Congress play in the election of
  1800?

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• WHAT WILL OUR
• NEW COUNTRY
• LOOK LIKE?

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John Adams and the Conflict With France

• France objected to Jays Treaty. The French said
  it favored Britain.
• French ships began to seize American ships.
• Adams sent diplomats to Paris to discuss the
  rights of neutral nations.
• The French foreign minister sent three agents to
  offer the Americans a deal. The agents asked for
  a 250,000 bribe and a 10 million loan to France
  before they would talk.

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• Adams told Congress. Because he called the French
  agents X, Y, and Z, the incident became known as
  the XYZ Affair.
• The country would not pay the bribe, but Adams
  refused to ask Congress to declare war on France.
• Instead, Adams strengthened the navy by building
  frigates, fast-sailing ships with many guns.

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The Federalist Party Splits

• Hamilton and his Federalist supporters wanted a
  war with France.
• War with France would weaken the Republican
  party.
• War would force the United States to build up its
  military forces. This would increase federal
  power.

• Adams and his Federalist supporters wanted to
  avoid war with France.
• Adams wanted to keep the country out of European
  affairs.
• He sent American diplomats to France. The new
  French leader agreed to stop seizing American
  ships.

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The Alien and Sedition Acts and States Rights

• During the crisis with France, Federalists passed
  the Alien and Sedition acts.
• Alien Act
• The President could expel any alien thought to be
  dangerous to the country.
• The number of years immigrants had to wait to
  become citizens was raised from 5 to 14.

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• Sedition Act
• Sedition means stirring up rebellion against a
  government.
• Under this law, citizens could be fined or
  jailed for criticizing the government or its
  officials.

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• Jefferson and the Republicans opposed the Alien
  and Sedition acts.
• Jefferson argued that states had the right to
  nullify, or cancel, a law passed by the federal
  government.
• Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions
  supporting Jeffersons view.

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• Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
• These resolutions claimed that each state has an
  equal right to judge for itself whether a law is
  constitutional.
• If a state decides a law is unconstitutional, the
  state can nullify that law within its borders.
• These resolutions raised the issue of states
  rights.
• Does the federal government have only those
  powers listed in the Constitution?
• If so, the states possess all other powers.

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Congress and the Election of 1800

• Republicans backed Thomas Jefferson for President
  and Aaron Burr for Vice President. Federalists
  supported John Adams.
• Republicans won the popular vote.
• In the electoral college, Jefferson and Burr each
  received 73 votes.
• After four days and 36 votes, the House chose
  Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice
  President.

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A Republican Takes Office

• Jefferson wanted to make the government more
  democratic, which means ensuring that all people
  have the same rights.
• He made his inauguration a low-key affair instead
  of a fancy one.
• He preferred quiet dinners to formal parties.

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• To show that the President was an ordinary
  citizen, he wore casual clothes and greeted
  people by shaking hands instead of bowing.
• He promised that although his party, the
  Republicans, were in the majority, he would not
  treat the Federalists harshly. In his inaugural
  address, he said, The minority possess their
  equal rights, which equal laws must protect.

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Jeffersons Economic Policies

• Jefferson believed that one way to lessen
  government power was to reduce the federal
  budget.
• Jefferson believed in the economic idea known as
  laissez faire, a policy in which the government
  plays as small a role as possible in economic
  affairs.
• Instead the economy relies on a free market where
  goods and services are exchanged with little
  regulation.

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Jefferson Reduced the Power of the Federal
Government

• Tries to cut federal budget and reduce federal
  debt
• Promotes laissez-faire policies in economic
  affairs
• Decreases the size of government departments
• Reduces the size of the army and navy
• Asks Congress to repeal the whiskey tax

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Jefferson Reduced the Power of the Federal
Government

• Retains the Bank of the United States
• Continues to pay off state debts using federal
  money.
• Allows many Federalists to keep their government
  jobs

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Chief Justice Marshall and the Supreme Court

• John Adams had appointed John Marshall as Chief
  Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall was a
  Federalist.
• Marshall found the courts to be weaker than other
  branches of government.
• When William Marbury sued Secretary of State
  James Madison, the case came before the Supreme
  Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 said the Supreme
  Court could decide cases against federal
  officials.

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• In the Supreme Courts decision in the case of
  Marbury v. Madison, Marshall wrote that the
  Constitution didnt give the Supreme Court the
  right to hear such a case, and Congress could not
  give it the right. Therefore, the Judiciary Act
  of 1789 was unconstitutional.
• The decision in Marbury v. Madison set a
  precedent. It gave the Supreme Court the power of
  judicial review the power to decide whether laws
  passed by Congress were constitutional and to
  reject laws that it considered unconstitutional.

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The Louisiana Purchase

• Why was control of the Mississippi River
  important to the United States?
• How did the United States purchase Louisiana?
• What were the results of the explorations of
  Lewis and Clark and of Zebulon Pike?

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Control of the Mississippi River

• Farmers west of the Appalachians shipped their
  crops on the Mississippi to New Orleans. From
  there, ships carried the produce to Atlantic
  ports.
• Spain controlled New Orleans. Sometimes they
  threatened to close the port.
• In the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, Spain agreed to
  let Americans ship their goods down the
  Mississippi to New Orleans.

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• In 1800 Spain gave Louisiana back to France.
  Napoleon wanted to grow food in Louisiana.
• Events in Haiti, a French colony in the
  Caribbean, ruined his plans. Enslaved Africans in
  Haiti revolted and declared their independence.
• To gain control of Louisiana, Jefferson decided
  to buy Louisiana.

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Louisiana Purchase

• By a treaty signed on Apr. 30, 1803, the United
  States purchased from France the Louisiana
  Territory, more than 2 million sq km (800,000 sq
  miles) of land extending from the Mississippi
  River to the Rocky Mountains.
• The price was 60 million francs, about 15
  million 11,250,000 was to be paid directly,
  with the balance to be covered by the assumption
  by the United States of French debts to American
  citizens.

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The United States Buys Louisiana

• Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe
  to buy New Orleans and West Florida from
  Napoleon.
• Livingston and Monroe met with the French foreign
  minister. After some time, he asked them if they
  would like to buy all of Louisiana.

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• Surprised, Livingston at first offered 4
  million. Eventually, he and Monroe agreed to 15
  million.
• No one was sure the purchase was constitutional.
  In the end, Jefferson decided that he did have
  the authority to buy Louisiana. The Senate
  approved the treaty, and the Louisiana Purchase
  went into effect.

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The Expedition of Lewis and Clark

• Purpose of the expedition, or long journey of
  exploration
• to map a route across the Louisiana Purchase to
  the Pacific Ocean
• to study the territorys geographyland, climate,
  plants, and animals
• to learn about the Indian nations who lived there

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• The journey
• Lewis and Clark left from St. Louis and crossed
  the plains by way of the Missouri River.
  Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, and her husband
  agreed to accompany the party as translators.
• The Shoshones showed Lewis and Clark the best
  route over the Rockies. Lewis and Clark crossed
  the Continental Divide, the high mountain ridge
  that separates river systems flowing toward
  opposite sides of the continent.
• The party built canoes and floated down the
  Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
• The return trip back to St. Louis took another
  year.

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The Expedition of Zebulon Pike

• Purpose of the journey was
• to explore the upper Mississippi River, the
  Arkansas River, and parts of present-day Colorado
  and New Mexico.

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The Expedition of Zebulon Pike

• The journey
• From Colorado and New Mexico, Pike entered
  Spanish territory. Spanish troops arrested Pike
  and his men and took them into Mexico.
• The party was later escorted through Texas back
  to the United States.

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New Threats From Overseas

• What were the benefits and risks of overseas
  trade?
• How did the British and French violate the
  neutrality of American ships?
• Why did Jefferson decide to impose an embargo?

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Benefits and Risks of Overseas Trade

• Benefits
• Yankee traders built up a profitable trade, for
  example, trade with India, with China, and in the
  Pacific Northwest

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Benefits and Risks of Overseas Trade

• Risks
• One great risk was pirates. Pirates from the
  Barbary States on the north coast of North Africa
  attacked vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. To
  protect American ships, the rulers of those
  states demanded a yearly tribute, or bribe.

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• When Jefferson refused to pay, one of the Barbary
  States, Tripoli, declared war on the United
  States. Jefferson blockaded the port of Tripoli.
  American marines launched a surprise attack. The
  ruler of Tripoli agreed not to interfere with
  American ships.

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The British and French Violate the Neutrality of
American Ships

• Britain and France went to war again in 1803.
• American merchants traded with both sides.
• Neither side wanted Americans to trade with the
  other side. The French seized American ships
  bound for England. The British seized American
  ships bound for France.

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The British and French Violate the Neutrality of
American Ships

• The British also stepped up impressment, the
  practice of forcing people into service. They
  seized young men from English villages and both
  English and American-born sailors from American
  ships.
• Angry Americans called for war.

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Jefferson and the Embargo

• Hoping to hurt France and Britain by cutting off
  supplies, Jefferson proposed an embargo, or ban
  on trade.
• He persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act,
  which hurt Britain and France but hurt Americans
  even more.
• Merchants protested against the embargo. Some
  turned to smuggling, importing or exporting goods
  in violation of trade laws.

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• Jefferson used troops to enforce the embargo.
• Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had
  failed.
• Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the
  Nonintercourse Act, which said Americans could
  trade with all nations except Britain and France.

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The Road to War

• Why did conflicts between white settlers and
  Native Americans increase during the early 1800s?
• What was the goal of Tecumsehs Native American
  confederation?
• Why did the War Hawks push for war against
  Britain?

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Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native
Americans

• Between 1790 and 1810, 900,000 settlers moved
  west of the Appalachians. They built farms on
  Indian lands and hunted animals the Indians
  needed for food.
• Settlers ignored treaties that the United States
  government had signed with Indian nations.

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Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native
Americans

• Fighting often broke out between Native Americans
  and settlers. In 1791 Indians drove settlers from
  Ohio.
• American forces under General Anthony Wayne
  defeated the Miamis and other Indian nations at
  Fallen Timbers, in present-day Ohio.

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Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native
Americans

• In 1795, the Miamis and other Indian nations
  signed the Treaty of Greenville, in which they
  gave up land that would later become part of
  Ohio. In return, they received 20,000 and the
  promise of more money if they kept the peace.

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Tecumsehs Confederation

• What Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet,
  believed

• They could keep settlers from taking more Indian
  land.
• By returning to the old ways, Indians could gain
  the power to resist white invaders.

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Tecumsehs Confederation

• What the Prophet did

• Built a village for his followers along
  Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana Territory.

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Tecumsehs Confederation

• What Tecumseh did

• Worked to organize Indian nations between the
  Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains
  into a confederation, or league.
• Called for unity against the settlers.

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Tecumsehs Confederation

• What the United States did

• Troops under Governor William Henry Harrison
  marched against Prophetstown. The Prophet led a
  surprise attack on Harrisons troops. In the
  Battle of Tippecanoe, both sides suffered heavy
  losses. Harrisons troops defeated the Prophets
  forces.

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Why the War Hawks Pushed for War with Britain

• The British were supplying guns and ammunition to
  Native Americans on the frontier. They encouraged
  Indians to attack settlements.
• President Madison said that if either the British
  or French would stop seizing American ships, the
  United States would stop trading the other
  nation. France agreed to stop, so the United
  States traded with France but not with Britain.

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• The War Hawks were members of Congress from the
  South and the West who called for war. They were
  stirred by nationalism, or devotion to ones
  country. They said Britain was treating the
  United States as if it were a British colony.
• One War Hawk, Henry Clay, hoped that in a war the
  United States could conquer Canada.

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• Other War Hawks said that in a war with Britain,
  the United States could seize Florida from
  Britains ally, Spain.
• To cut off American trade with France, British
  warships blockaded American ports. Finally in
  June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain.

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• The War of 1812

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The United States Was Not Prepared for War

• The United States Navy had only 16 ships. The
  British had a huge fleet.
• The United States Army was small and ill
  equipped. Many officers knew little about
  warfare.
• The government relied on volunteers, who were
  poorly trained and had little experience in
  battle. Many deserted.

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The War of 1812 in the West

• The invasion of Canada

• General William Hull led American troops into
  Canada. The Canadians made it look like their
  forces were large and included experienced
  British troops. The Americans retreated.

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The War of 1812 in the West

• Battle of Lake Erie

• Captain Oliver Hazard Perry designed and built
  his own ships. Perrys fleet met a British fleet
  on Lake Erie. The Americans won the battle.

84
The War of 1812 in the West

• Battle of the Thames

• General William Henry Harrisons troops pursued a
  British force and their ally Tecumseh toward
  Canada.
• The Americans won a victory at the Battle of the
  Thames.
• Tecumseh died in the battle.

85
The War of 1812 in the West

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• Andrew Jackson and American troops defeated the
  Creeks.
• The Americans won the battle.

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The War of 1812 in the East

• Bladensburg, Maryland

• British troops marching toward Washington, D.C.,
  met American troops about 30 miles from
  Washington.
• The British scattered the Americans.

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The War of 1812 in the East

• Washington, D.C.

• The British set fire to the White House and other
  buildings, then set off for Baltimore.

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The War of 1812 in the East

• Baltimore, Maryland

• The British bombarded the harbor but were unable
  to take Fort McHenry. They withdrew. Francis
  Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner about
  this battle

89
The War of 1812 in the East

• New Orleans

• The British attacked the city. Andrew Jackson led
  a strong force of frontiersmen and Choctaw
  Indians. Citizens of New Orleans, including
  African Americans, joined his forces. British
  losses were heavy. The American forces won a
  victory at the Battle of New Orleans.

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New Englanders Protest the War

• The British blockade hurt New Englands sea
  trade.
• New Englanders feared that the United States
  might win land in Florida and Canada, which would
  become new states. That would make the South and
  the West more influential than New England.
• Delegates from New England states met at the
  Hartford Convention, in Hartford, Connecticut.
  They threatened to leave the Union if the war
  continued.

91
New Englanders Protest the War

• While the Hartford Convention was still meeting,
  news of a peace treaty arrived.
• The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. It was
  named after the city in Belgium where it was
  signed.
• In the treaty, Britain and the United States
  agreed to go back to the way things were before
  the war.