Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage: Minor pest

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Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage
Minor pest

• Leaf Webber
• Slug caterpillar
• Red ants

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Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage of
mango leaf webber (Lepidoptera Pyralida)
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Mango Leaf Webber, Orthaga euadrusalis

• Earlier, the leaf webber or tent caterpillar,
  Orthaga euadrusalis Walker was considered as one
  of the minor pests of mango
• Since last five years it has become a major
  problem in North India, especially in old,
  crowded orchards where there is excessive shade.

Sourcehttp//www.plantwise.org
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Identification
Source http//www.ikisan.com/Crop20Specific/ ap_
img/brinjal/br_lwdamage.jpg

• Adult - Brown moth of medium size with wavy lines
  on fore wings.
• Eggs - Eggs are laid in clusters of about ten, on
  buds and young leaves
• Larva - Pale greenish with brown head and
  prothroacic shield. Fully grown caterpillar
  measures 2.5 to 3 cm. 
• Pupa - Pupation takes place in silken cocoons

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Symptoms

• Leaflets, flowers and pods are held together to
  form a web by larvae
• Larvae feed from inside these webs and
• give burnt appearance Growth of the
• terminal shoot is impaired if infested
• Infestations may begin as early as seedling
• stage and continue during flowering and podding
• The infestation is severe in shady conditions.
• Old orchards with lesser space between tree
  canopy have more infestation than open orchards. 

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Nature of Damage

• Its infestation starts from the month of April
  and goes up to December. 
• Eggs are laid singly or in clusters within silken
  webbings on leaves. Upon hatching, the
  caterpillars feed on leaf surface by scrapping. 
• Later, they make web of tender shoots and leaves
  together and feed within.
• Generally, 1-9 larvae are found in a single web. 

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Nature of Damage

• Pupation takes place inside the webs in silken
  cocoons. 
• The life-cycle takes 3-4 weeks
• However, the last generation (December-January)
  pupates in the soil. 
• The pupae diapause for about five to six months. 

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Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage of
Slug Caterpillar Latoia lepida (Lepidoptera
Limacodidae)
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Identification

• Caterpillar - fleshy and slug like, greenish body
  with white lines
• Four rows of spiny tipped red or black which
  causes irritation and pain due to glandular
  secretion.
• Adult - green wings with prominent dark patch at
  the base of each forewing

Source http//www.rakbankerd.com/kaset/Plant/2
958_1.jpg
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Symptoms of damage

• Feed gregariously on the leaves
• Cause defoliation leaving only the midrib and
  veins

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Life Cycle of slug caterpillar

• Moth lay eggs flat shining eggs in batches of
  20-30 on undersurface of leaves.
• The caterpillars feed on leaves. The full grown
  larva is 2.5 mm approximately. Larva possesses
  spines which cause irritation and pain if
  touched.
• Pupation takes place on stem in compact
  elliptical cocoon.

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Nest of ants on mango tree
Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage of
Red Ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae)
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Red Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina

• Identification
• The wingless ants or the workers measuring 1.2 cm
  long
• Resembles house hold ants, but they are slightly
  longer
• The workers are orangish red in colour
• The male and female ants are greenish in colour

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Life Cycle

• A colony of ants has
• one queen
• Number of soldiers
• Two kinds of workers
• Eggs, larvae and pupa housed separately
• Eggs are covered with mucilage. Incubation
  period 4-8 days
• Three larval instars 10-17 days
• Pupal Period 5-7 days
• Life cycle is completed in 20-30 days
• They store no food material except some coccids
  and aphids, whose honey-dew secretion the relish.
• These are somewhat dynamic in that they may grow,
  or move when leaves die.

http//www.myrmecos.net/formicinae
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Nature of Damage/Control

• The ants stitch together few leaves and build
• their nests in them on the trees
• The ants do not cause any direct injury or loss
  to the tree.
• Indirectly, the damage is caused by protecting
  aphids and scale insects from being preyed upon
  by their parasitoids and predators and also
  carries the nymphs of aphids, mealy bugs and
  scale insects from tree to tree thus spreading
  the infection of these noxious pests.
• These ants aggressively defend "nests" and trees
  and, whilst they do not sting, chemicals in the
  saliva can irritate the skin.
• They cause annoyance and make harvesting
  difficult.

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Red Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina
As Bio-control agent They also feed other insect
pests and can be used in IPM for controlling
other pests
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Summary

• Leaf webbers are active from Dec-April. Larvae
  webs the leaves and scrape the chlorophyll that
  results in drying and withering  of leaves.
  Pupation trakes place inside the web
• Slug Caterpillar are fleshy and slug like,
  greenish body with rows of spiny tipped red or
  black hairs which causes irritation and pain due
  to glandular secretion. They Feed gregariously on
  the leaves, cause defoliation
• Weaver ants/red ants stitch together few leaves
  and build their nests in them on the trees. They
  cause annoyance and make harvesting difficult.
• Red ants also feed other insect pests and can be
  used in IPM for controlling other pests

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