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Part Introduction
This part will cover the civilizations and
empires that developed in Europe, Africa, and
Asia.

• 1 The Rise of Europe (500-1300)
• 2 The High and Late Middle Ages (1050-1450)
• 3 The Byzantine Empire and Russia (330-1613)
• 4 Muslim Civilizations (622-1629)
• 5 Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa (730
  B.C.-A.D. 1591)
• 6 Spread of Civilizations in East Asia (500-1650)

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• A single powerful empire sometimes dominated its
  neighbors.
• Common geographic features such as plains or
  mountains linked some cultures.
• Two major regional civilizations were based on
  religion Christianity and Islam.

From about 500 to 1500, sprawling regional
civilizations came to dominate the world.
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The Rise of Europe (500-1300)
Germanic invaders ended Roman rule in Western
Europe.

• From 400-700, Europe was carved into small
  kingdoms.
• Around 800, Charlemagne united them. He revived
  learning and spread Christianity.
• After Charlemagnes death, waves of Magyars,
  Vikings, and Muslims invaded.

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A new system arose to provide protection, order,
and link all levels of society feudalism.
Powerful lords divided land and protected lesser lords, or vassals, in return for loyalty.
Vassals received a fief or estate, which included the peasants or serfs who lived there.
Lords battled for power and trained from boyhood as mounted warriors or knights.
Knights developed a code of honor or chivalry.
The economy was based on the lords manor, worked by the serfs in return for protection.
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The Church was the most important medieval
institution.

• The Western or Roman Catholic Church grew in
  secular power. Church officials often held
  government positions, because no one else was
  educated.
• The Church taught that all people were sinners
  to avoid hell one had to believe in Christ and
  participate in the sacraments. This gave clergy
  great power, which was sometimes abused.

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• New technology, such as the iron plow and
  windmill, increased productivity.
• Merchant guilds soon dominated town life and the
  economy, taking power from the lords.
• By 1300, this new middle class had revived and
  changed the economy of Western Europe.

The economy expanded and a middle class of
merchants, artisans, and traders emerged in
medieval towns.
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The High and Late Middle Ages (10501450.)
During the High Middle Ages, feudal overlords or
monarchs began to consolidate their power.
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• In the 1200s King John was forced to sign the
  Magna Carta, which give nobles certain rights.
  These were later extended to all citizens.
• The king had to live by the law as citizens do.
• The king had to ask the council, which evolved
  into Parliament, before raising taxes.

Williams successors developed a system of royal
justice which led to English common law. Kings,
nobles, and the Church struggled for power.
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When a single ruler united the German states, the
Pope crowned him emperor.
This Holy Roman Emperor, as well as various
kings, struggled with the Church for power. The
Pope could excommunicate those who disobeyed, so
they could not receive the holy sacraments of
the Church.
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• Christians left on these Crusades to free the
  Holy Land.
• They failed, but the Crusades did expose
  Europeans to new learning.
• They also left a legacy of religious hatred
  between Muslims and Christians.

In 1050 the pope called on Christians to come to
the aid of the Byzantine Christians who had been
attacked by Muslim Turks.
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• A positive result of the Crusades was a growth in
  learning. Classical literature were translated
  into the common language, or vernacular.
• The Late Middle Ages was also brought a series of
  disasters. The bubonic plague or Black Death
  ravaged Europe, spread by unsanitary conditions.
• It would take over a hundred years for Europe to
  recover.

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The Byzantine Empire and Russia (3301613)

• Emperor Constantine rebuilt Byzantium, renaming
  it Constantinople.
• During the Middle Ages it thrived.

After the fall of Rome, the Byzantine empire in
the east survived.
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The Byzantine clergy rejected the popes
authority over the Church.
The Emperor Justinian created Justinians Code,
which preserved and extended the heritage of
Roman law.
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With the fall of the Byzantine empire, many
scholars moved to the West, bringing knowledge
that would contribute to the Renaissance.
Empress Theodora, who assisted her husband
Justinian.
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• Monks adapted the Greek alphabet and translated
  the Bible, converting the people to the Orthodox
  faith.
• Russians also adopted Byzantine styles of
  architecture and art.

Russia evolved in present-day Ukraine. At Kiev,
Viking and Byzantine cultures mixed with the
local Slav population.
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In the 1200s, the Mongols conquered Russia.

• Russia was cut off from the West just as new
  scientific ideas were emerging there.
• By 1505, the Russians had regained power under
  Ivan III. He and his successors took the title of
  tsar.
• His grandson Ivan IV, known as Ivan the
  Terrible, established a tradition of absolute
  rule.

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• Waves of Asian groups swept in, including
  Magyars, Huns, Avars, Bulgars, and Khazars.

In Eastern Europe, no single ethnic group
dominated.

• Missionaries brought Byzantine culture and
  Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
• Jewish refugees who were persecuted in western
  Europe also moved east.
• Many kingdoms arose over time.

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Muslim Civilizations (6221629)
After being called in a vision, he spent his life
spreading the new faith. All Muslims follow the
Five Pillars of Islam belief in one God, daily
prayer, charity, fasting, and the hajj or
pilgrimage to Mecca.
Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca
in 570.
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When Muhammad died in 632, Abu Bakr was chosen as
caliph, or successor.

• His military campaign eventually spread Islam to
  Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.
• The Abbasid dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad
  and made it a magnificent city.
• Near the end of the 1200s the Muslim empire
  fragmented.

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Between 750 and 1350 Muslim merchants established
a vast trading network.

• During the golden age of Muslim civilizations
  pioneering advances were made in mathematics,
  astronomy, medicine, philosophy, literature, and
  the arts.
• Domed mosques or houses of worship dominated
  cities and Baghdad was a great center of learning.

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• The Muslims killed many Hindus and destroyed
  Buddhist temples, though later sultans grew more
  tolerant.
• In 1526, Turkish and Mongol invaders led by Babur
  established the Mughal dynasty.

In the late 1100s a Muslim sultan defeated Hindu
armies in India his successors established the
Delhi sultanate.
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Under Suleiman, the Ottomans dominated the
culture of the Balkan region and Asia Minor.
In 1453 the Ottomans captured Constantinople.
The glory of ancient of Persia was revived under
Shah Abbas the Great, who ruled from 1588 to
1629.
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Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa (730
B.C.1591)

• For thousands of years, Nubia reigned as an
  independent kingdom.
• The capital was moved to Meroë around 500 B.C.
• The Nubians fell to invaders from Axum around 350
  B.C.

While Egypt developed on the northern part of
the Nile, Nubia or Kush grew on the river to the
south.
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North Africa eventually became Muslim after many
others ruled the region first.

• Cities benefited from a rich trading network in
  ivory, grain, wine, and gold.
• Camel caravans brought goods from kingdoms in
  West Africa.

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Several kingdoms arose in West Africa.

• In 800, the Soninka formed Ghana, which Arab
  writers called the land of gold.
• In 1250, Mali took control of the gold and salt
  supplies of the Sahara. Emperor Mansa Musa
  increased ties with Muslim scholars.
• In the 1400s, Songhai replaced Mali. Songhai
  itself splintered due to to civil wars in the
  1580s.

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Axum was already an important center for trade
when it conquered Nubia in A.D. 350.
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Geography, climate, migration, and trade all
influenced early African societies.

• In some medieval African societies the nuclear
  family was typical. In others several generations
  lived together.
• Religion and political structures also varied.
• In West Africa, griots, professional
  story-tellers, maintained a rich tradition of
  oral literature.

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Spread of Civilizations in East Asia (5001650)

• Surrounding regions were forced to pay tribute.
• A canal system encouraged transportation and
  trade.
• Land was redistributed to the peasants.

The glory of the Han was restored under the Tang
dynasty (618907).
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In 960 the Song dynasty reunited China, which had
splintered with the fall of the Tang.

• The Song ruled for 319 years, a golden age in
  Chinese history.
• Song culture and wealth dominated Asia.
• Paper money was used, trade and wealth expanded,
  and Chinas cities became centers of commerce.
  Some had populations of over a million.

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• Besides the emperor and the aristocracy there
  were classes of scholar-gentry and peasant
  farmers.
• Prose and poetry flourished.
• Painting and calligraphy were essential skills
  for the scholar-gentry.

Under the Tang and the Song, China had a
well-ordered society with numerous cultural
achievements.
In 1279 the Mongols conquered the Tang under
their rule trade on the Silk Road flourished.
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In 1368 the Ming dynasty pushed the Mongols past
the Great Wall.

• The Ming restored civil service exams.
• Confucian learning became the road to success.
• Ming explorers expanded trade. Admiral Zheng He
  commanded a fleet of hundreds of vessels.

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Korea lay in the zone of Chinese influence while
maintaining its own traditions.

• Koreans improved on the wood block printing
  technique invented by the Chinese.
• Korean scholars created a simpler alphabet than
  the Chinese, leading to a highly literate
  society.

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• About A.D. 500 the Yamato dynasty began.
• Scholars were sent to study in China some
  Chinese ideas were adopted, others discarded.

While early Japan was influenced by China, it
remained independent.
Real power in feudal Japan lay with the supreme
military commander, or shogun.
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In 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu founded a shogunate that
ruled until 1868.
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Hip Hop History The Spread of Civilization in
East and Southeast Asia
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Part Review A Global View Regional Civilizations
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