Ch. 1-- Study Guide

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Ch. 1-- Study Guide

• Critically read the whole chapter pp. 1-27
• Comprehend Terminology (the text in bold)
• Study-- Figure questions, Think About It
  questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending)
  questions
• Do end-of-chapter questions
• Testing Your Recall 1-9, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20
• True or False 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10
• Testing Your Comprehension--None
• Except Before You Go On questions, all answers
  are either in Appendix B or on website

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Atlas A-- Study Guide

• Critically read pp. 29-39
• Do questions
• Testing Your Recall 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16,
  20
• True or False 1, 3, 4, 7
• Testing Your Comprehension--None
• Except Before You Go On questions, all answers
  are either in Appendix B or on website

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Chapter 1Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology
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1.1Anatomy Physiology

• Anatomy The study of __________
• How?
• 1. Surface observation, cadaver dissection
  together called Gross anatomy
• 2. Physical examinationInspection, Palpation,
  Auscultation, Percussion etc.
• Examples
• 3. Gross anatomy vs. histology ?

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Physiology

• What is physiology?
• Two approaches to explain physiological events
• Teleological approaches focus on ___
• Mechanistic approaches emphasize _________
• Example Why do we shiver when we are cold? (A
  Teleological/Mechanistic approach circle one)

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Structure and function are inseparable
• Example
• Integumentary system--
• Can you give another example demonstrating
  anatomy/physiology relation?

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Insight 1.5 clinical application

• Medical imaging looking into the body without
  having to do exploratory surgery
• ExamplesX rays, fetal sonogram, CAT
  (Computerized Axial Tomographic) scan, MRI
  (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) etc.

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Figure 1.13a
Fig. 1.13 (a) X rays showing the bones and
teeth.
Dense tissues such as bone, teeth, tumors, and
tuberculosis nodules leave the film lighter X
rays penetrate soft tissues and darken the film.
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Fig. 1.14 a) Sonography b) 32-week-old fetus
(3-D sonogram)
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Fig. 1.13 c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan
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1.2 The origins of biomedical science

1. Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 375 BCE) Greek physician
   father of medicine
2. Claudius Galen (c. 130-c. 200) wrote the most
   influential medical textbook of the ancient era
3. Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) first to publish
   accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy in
   1543
4. William Harvey (1578-1657) blood circulates
   continuously around the body

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1.3 Scientific method

• The inductive method
• Drawing generalizations predictions after many
  observations.
• Examples what we know of anatomy
• The hypothetico-deductive method
• Forming a hypothesis and then test it
• Examples Most physiological knowledge was
  obtained this way

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Facts, Law, and Theories

• A scientific fact information that can be
  independently verified by any trained person.
  Ex an iron deficiency leads to anemia
• A law of nature a description about the
  predictable ways in which matter and energy
  behave Ex the law of complementary base-pairing
• A theory is an explanatory statement of set of
  statements derived from facts, laws, and
  confirmed hypotheses
• Ex the fluid-mosaic theory of cell mem.

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1.5-- Levels of organization in the body

• Organism is a single, complete individual
• Organ system level Ex. Digestive sys.
• Organ level Ex. Stomach
• Tissue level 4 types
• Cellsbasic/smallest units of life common
  characteristics of all cells--
• Organelles--
• Chemical level water molecule
• Figure 1.8

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Fig. 1.7 The bodys structural hierarchy
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Levels of organization in the body

• Q1. Pick an organ and use it to tell a story of
  its relations to other levels of organization in
  the body.
• Q2. List, as many as possible, human organ
  systems in addition, give one principal function
  of each system.
• Figure A.11 (p.38-39)

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1.6-- Homeostasis

• Definition Maintenance of stable conditions in
  the internal environment
• Importance of homeostasis
• Homeostasis is essential for survival of cells
  Why? Insight 1.3 (Men in the Oven for 45
  minutes p. 18)
• Cells make up the body systems
• Homeostasis is the central theme of physiology
  How? via cells/body systems
• Figure x

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Maintain
Body (organ) systems
Homeostasis
Is essential for survival of
Make up
Cells
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Homeostasis

• The internal environment is dynamic and
  equilibrium (steady) state
• dynamic?
• equilibrium (steady) state?
• What parameters are homeostatically regulated?
• Chemical factors
• Physical factors

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Regulation of homeostasis by Negative
feedback--A

• Definition change in a factor (controlled
  variable) triggers a physiological response that
  seeks to restore the factor by OPPOSING the
  initial change
• Examplecontrol of room/body temperature

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Regulation of homeostasis by Negative
feedback--B

• Three components of a control system
• Sensor (receptor) monitors the control variable
  (for example, room temp.) what is the sensor?
• Integrating (control) center it compares the
  sensors input with the set point and sends
  instructions to effector
• Effector action component that . . .
• Figure 1.9 (a-b)

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Sensor? Integrating center? Effector?
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Fig. 1.9(b) Fluctuation of room temperature
around the thermostatic set point
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Figure 1.11
Fig. 1.10 Negative feedback in human
thermoregulation.
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Positive feedback rapid change--A

• Definition change in a factor triggers a
  physiological response that AMPLIFIES an initial
  change
• Example in the birth of a baby how?

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Figure 1.12--Positive feedback in childbirth
Next slide
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Positive feedback rapid change--B

• Details of birth of a baby
• Uterine contractions push the baby against the
  cervix
• the stretching of the cervix triggers nerve
  impulses
• brings about oxytocin secretion
• The hormone oxytocin causes even stronger
  powerful contractions of the uterus

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Positive feedback rapid change--C

• Q. Map and ID the sensor, integrator, and
  effector of the above example (child birth).
  Then explain the homeostatic control system. Why
  this is a positive negative feedback?
• Assuming Controlled variable--Stretching of
  the cervix

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Lunch/dinner?

• The scientific name for an animal that doesn't
  either run from or fight its enemies is
  lunch/dinner.--Michael Friedman
• Cavemans motto He who hesitates is
  lunch/dinner.