Origins and spread of Nation states in Europe: Westphalia to WWI

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Origins and spread of Nation states in Europe
Westphalia to WWI
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Creation of Nation-states in post-Renaissance
Europe

• supplanting city-states and smaller
  principalities, in post Renaissance Europe
• changes in military technology favoring mass
  armies
• Treaty of Westphalia--1648
• affirming sovereignty of territorial princes over
  emperors and popes

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England, France, and Spain unify early under
powerful kingsby 1500s
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19th Century growth of nationalist ideas

• Growth of a more powerful and confident
  bourgeoisie
• Growing appreciation for ones national
  culturenational literature, national music, etc.

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19th century national unifications in
Europe--between Napoleon and WWI (1815-1918)

• Germany unifying under Prussian leadership
• Italy unifying under Piedmont-Sardinia

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Nationalism and World War I

• 1870s Ottoman Empire receded with uprisings in
  the Balkans--Serbia gains independence
• Bosnia controlled, then annexed by
  Austria-Hungary 1908
• Serbs thought they should be creating the South
  Slavic nation

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1914 Serb and Bosnian nationalists kill Austrian
Archduke
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Result of the assassination

• Austria-Hungary, supported by Germany, accuses
  Serbia of being behind the assassination, and
  picks a fight with Serbia
• Triple alliance of Aus-Hun, Germany, and Italy,
  (but Italy is replaced by Turkey)
• Russia supports Serbia, has alliance with France,
  and England

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European combatants--plus over 100 others from
around the world
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U.S. enters the war

• 1917 U.S. enters the war in response to German
  declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare

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Revolution in Russia

• 1917 Czars government crumbles, is replaced by a
  moderate pro-Western government--continues the
  war effort
• promising peace, Lenin and the Communist Party
  overthrow the new government--first communist
  state
• 1918 Soviets sue for peace

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Soviet concessions
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Aftermath--end to empires

• Russian empire gives way to Soviet state
• Finland, Baltic nations, Ukraine (briefly)
  independent
• German and Austria-Hungarian empires dismantled
• Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
• Ottoman empire dismantled
• protectorates in Iraq, Syria, Palestine, etc.

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Inter-War Europe
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Inter-war Middle East
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post war settlement

• President Woodrow Wilsons 14 points
• a peace without victory
• national self determination (in Europe)
• pt. 14 foundation of League of Nations
• League failed ratification in the Senate
• Most of the 14 points are ignored--punitive
  reparations imposed on Germany