WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648

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WARS OF RELIGION 1560-1648

• Change in the nature of war.
• The Catholic Crusade
• Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis (1559)
• -- Ended Hapsburg-Valois Wars
• B. Phillip II (1556-98)
• Increased Spanish
• Habsburg power
• 2. Opposed the spread of
• Protestantism

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3. Battle of Lepanto, 1571
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• II. Civil War in France
• Francis I (1515-47) Concordat of Bologna (1516)
• Calvinism in France Huguenots
• Nobility
• Catherine de Medici
• Nine civil wars between
• 1562-1589

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• St. Bartholomews Day Massacre, 1572
• War of the Three Henrys

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• F. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) (1589-1610) --
  Bourbon
• Politique Paris is worth a Mass
• Edict of Nantes, 1598

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• III. Revolt in the Netherlands
• Netherlands as a major financial center (Antwerp
  Amsterdam)
• 1. Trade
• 2. Decentralized political organization
• -- Stadtholders
• 3. Burghers (middle class)
• 4. Religious toleration of Calvinists

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Vermeer View of Delft c. 1660
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Rembrandt
Masters of the Cloth Guild
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The Old Stock Exchange in Amsterdam was a center
of mercantile activity and religious and
intellectual interactions
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• Civil War in Netherlands 1568-1578
• 1. King Philip II tries to impose control
• a. Duke of Alva Council of Blood
• b. Alexander Farnese siege of cities
• 2. William of Orange (1533-1584)
• 3. 17 Protestant provinces vs. Spain.
• a. United Provinces of the
• Netherlands
• b. Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)

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• B. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
• 1. Assisted Protestant Netherlands
• a. wool industry
• b. death of William the Silent
• c. defeat of Antwerp
• d. fear of Spanish invasion

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• C. Spanish Armada, 1588
• 1. Defeated by England
• 2. End of Philips goal Christian Crusade

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• V. Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Causes
• Failure of Peace of Augsburg
• a. terms violated by both sides
• 2. Two armed factions emerge
• a. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League
• First continent-wide war in modern
• history.

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Holy Roman Empire 1618
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• Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
• a. Ferdinand of Styria
• 1) Battle of White Mountain

Defenestration of Prague
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• 2. Danish Phase (1625-29)
• Catholic invasion of North Germany
• b. Albert of Wallenstein
• 1) Edict of Restitution
• Swedish Phase (1629-35)
• Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32)
• 1) Battle of Breitenfeld, 1630

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Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, at the Battle
of Breitenfeld, 17 September 1631Albert Cuyp
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• French Phase (1635-1648)
• International Phase
• French foreign policy
• 1) anti-Habsburg (Habsburg Fence)
• Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

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Cardinal Richelieuc. 1637OiI on canvas, 260 x
178 cmNational Gallery, London
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• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• Principles of Peace of Augsburg reasserted (with
  Calvinism now included).
• Provisions
• Edict of Restitution revoked.
• Independence of United Provinces from Spain
  confirmed
• Swiss Confederacy recognized

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• France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia)
  gained territory and international stature.
• Pope denied participation in
• German religious affairs.
• Individual states (over 300) gained
• independence from Holy Roman
• Empire.
• significance

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Europe in 1648
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• Results and aftermath
• Germany devastated
• Future wars no longer primarily
• religious.
• 1) Modern age of sovereign states.
• 2) Balance of power politics.
• Catholic crusade failed.
• Nobles dominated the war

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Population Loss in Germany during the 30 Years
War
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• e. Two Habsburg branches weakened.
• 1) Spanish decline
• 2) Austrian Habsburgs lost
• influence over Germany.