Ancient History

1
Ancient History
2
Early History

• Scientists
• Archaeologists- scientists who dig for artifacts
  and traces of early settlements
• Artifacts are human-made objects
• Anthropologists- scientists who study peoples
  cultural behavior
• Culture-peoples unique way of life including
  customs, family life, and social relationships

3
Early History

• Those who could walk upright are called hominids
• Prehistory is the time before the development of
  writing

4
Early History

• Origin of man is Africa and man migrated out

5
Early History

• The next evolution of hominids?
• Bones found in Neander Valley in Germany
  Neanderthals

6
Early History

• The next version?
• Cro-Magnon
• Closely resemble us
• The common picture for the cave man

7
RECIPES

• R-Religion (how people relate to the unknown)
• E-Economic (how people made a living)
• C-Cultural (how people express themselves using
  painting, sculptures, music, dance, theater, and
  literature)
• I-Intellectual (how people think or what they
  invent in science, math, philosophy, or tech)
• P-Political (how people are governed)
• E-Environmental (physical places where people are
• S-Social (how people organize in society)

8
Early History

• Paleolithic Age (Early Stone Age)- mastered fire,
  development of language, created art and invented
  stone tools
• No Civilization started because people were just
  trying to survive

9
Early History

• People who move place to place to search for food
  Nomads
• They were hunter-gatherers
• Males hunted
• Females gathered
• Small groups and small bodies

10
Cave Paintings

• The first works of art

11
Early History

• Neolithic Age
• During the Neolithic Revolution, people developed
  agriculture
• Agriculture was developed at the different times
  in different parts of the world
• Plow invented
• Wheel invented

12
Early History

• Agriculture will lead to development of villages
• Why?

13
Early History

• All early civilizations developed in river
  valleys

14
Early History

• Civilization Characteristics
• Advanced cities
• Specialized workers
• Complex institutions
• Record keeping
• Advanced technology

15
Early History

• Cultural Diffusion Borrowing or exchanging of
  goods and ideas between peoples

16
Sumer

• Oldest civilization developed in the Fertile
  Crescent between 2 rivers Tigris and Euphrates
• Between 2 rivers is called Mesopotamia

17
Sumer

• Governed by theocracy (led by religious leaders
  or a divine leader)
• Barter- exchange goods for other goods
• Sumer started Bronze Age.

18
Sumer

• Pyramid shaped temples of Sumer society -
  Ziggurat
• Compare to a pyramid.

19
Sumerians later

• Created irrigation-bringing of water to crops by
  using canals and ditches
• City State was formed where a city controls the
  area around the city
• Kings started dynasties (kids inherit)

20
Writing

• Sumer developed the first writing system called
  cuneiform
• Created Gilgamesh hero of the worlds oldest epic

21
Sumers Religion

• Polytheistic- believed in many gods
• Enlil most powerful (sky and cloud god)
• Wicked Udugs (lowest gods)
• Believed in roughly of 3000 gods

22
Sumer Culture

• Agriculture economy
• Windowless box houses
• Can move up in society
• Slaves (prisoners of war or children sold to pay
  debts) can work to become free
• Women could own property and join lower ranks of
  priesthood, but most were uneducated
• Invented number system with a base of 60

23
Art of Sumer
24
Sargon of Akkad

• Created worlds first empire (many different
  people, cultures, and nations under one ruler)

25
Akkad

• Borrower Empire-takes over a country and adopts
  their culture

26
Code of Hammurabi

• Hammurabi was king of Babylon
• First written code of laws
• The principal was eye for an eye

27
Egypt

• Civilization started on the Nile River

28
Egypt continued

• Menes unites upper and lower Egypt and started
  the Old Kingdom
• Egypt was ruled by pharaohs (god-kings). They led
  the religion and government.
• Pyramids built as a tomb for the dead pharaohs

29
(No Transcript)
30
Egyptian Culture

• Polytheistic
• More than 2000 gods
• High God is Ra
• Death God is Osiris and his wife Issis
• Egyptians could move up in society
• Slavery was used
• Women were almost equal
• Could own property
• Could divorce and receive 1/3 of property

31
Mummies

• Pull brain out of nostrils with iron hook
• With sharp stone they would cut you on the side
  and take out your bowels
• They would remove your organs and put them in
  jars
• Fill you up with spices and perfume and sew you
  up.
• Leave you in a preserver for 70 days then wrap you

32
Writing

• Egyptians used hieroglyphics where pictures were
  used to show ideas and sound

33
Rosetta Stone

• The way to read hieroglyphics was lost for 1000s
  of years until Napoleon found the Rosetta Stone
  which allowed us to decipher the pictures

34
The Fall of Egypt

• Group of Asians called Hyksos came with chariots
  and took over the Egyptian Civilization.

35
Egyptian Empire

• Pharaohs overthrew the Hyksos
• The New Kingdom (rulers after the Hyksos) started
  to expand Egypt

36
Great Egyptian Pharaohs

• Hatshepsut First Women ruler
• Thutmose III expanded Egypt through war
• Others
• Nefertiti (Rachel Wiez in the Mummy)
• Akenaton (monotheistic ruler)
• King Tut (grave untouched)

37
Ramses II

• Ramses II was the last great pharaoh

38
Egypt Declines

• Unknown group called People of the Sea attacked
  Egypt and the Hittites weakening them further
• Egypt eventually faded

39
Kush

• Area around Nubia
• The New Kingdom pharaohs of Egypt conquered Kush
• After Ramses II, Kush conquered Egypt

40
Kush contined

• Kush was a borrower empire
• Piankhi was the greatest of Kush pharaohs

41
Kush move

• Arrival of the Assyrians forced the Kushites to
  flee to Meroe and started a trading empire there

42
Phoenicia

• Great seafarers of the Mediterranean that
  founded many city-states like Byblos, Tyre,
  Sidon, and Carthage

43
Phoenicia Alphabet

• Most famous for their alphabet
• Trading in all ports of the Mediterranean, they
  spread the use of their alphabet to the ancient
  world

44
Lydia

• Invented money

45
Assyria

• With a large and organized military, Assyria
  conquered the Fertile Crescent and Egypt

46
Assyria

• Destroyer Empire- They destroyed all cultures of
  other peoples
• Its capital was Nineveh
• Under Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, Nineveh had the
  largest library in the world

47
Fall of Assyria

• Combined army attacked Assyria and burned down
  Nineveh
• The fire glazed the tablets, so they were
  preserved for archaeologists to find

48
New Babylon Empire

• Nebuchadnezzar restored the city
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon is one of the
  seven wonders of the world

49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
Persia

• Cyrus created the Persian Empire

53
Persia continued

• Cyrus had a different way of governing
• He was kind and tolerant
• Very little looting or burning of conquered
  cities
• Honoring local customs and religions

54
After Cyrus

• Eventually, Darius would take over and enlarge
  the Persian Empire

55
Government

• Darius divided Empire into 20 provinces
• A satrap, governor, would rule a province under
  Darius
• Darius sent out inspectors (Kings Eyes and Ears)
  to watch the satraps

56
Royal Road

• An excellent road system was built
• The Royal Road was the longest and help unite the
  Empire

57
Persian Religion

• Zoroaster created a religion called
  Zoroastrianism
• Gods of good and evil fight for a persons soul
• All souls would be judged on which side they chose

58
Judaism

• God chose Abraham to be the father of the Hebrew
  people and he made a covenant with him
• The Hebrews God was called Yahweh and they
  believed in him only Monotheistic

59
Judaism

• The Hebrews migrated to Egypt where they were
  enslaved
• Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt

60
Judaism

• After much fighting, only one large tribe left
  (Judahcalled Jews)
• The Hebrews united under 3 kings to form Israel
• Saul (first king)
• David (beat Goliath and great warrior)
• Solomon (greatest of all Israeli kings)

61
Judaism

• After Solomon, the kingdom divides into 2
• Israel in the North
• Judah in the South

62
Judaism

• Assyria conquers Israel
• New Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar destroys Judah
• Destroyed the Temple
• Cyrus of Persia allowed the Hebrews to return and
  rebuild the Temple

63
Writings of the Hebrews

• Torah-first five books of the Old Testament
• Ten Commandments- laws handed to Moses

64
Traditional Economic Systems

• Reliance of labor of the entire family, with
  distinct economic roles for each