Title: Understanding Nursery Production Facilities
1Lesson 1
- Understanding Nursery Production Facilities
2Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards
Addressed!
- WHST.9-12.9 Draw evidence from informational
texts to support analysis, reflection, and
research. (HS-LS1-1) - HSSIC.A.1 Understand statistics as a process for
making inferences about population parameters
based on a random sample from that population.
(HS-LS2-6)
3Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resource Standards
Addressed
- PS.03.05. Harvest, handle and store crops
according to current industry standards. - PS.03.05.04.b. Analyze the proper conditions
required to maintain the quality of plants and
plant products held in storage and during
shipping. - PS.03.05.05.a. Summarize the reasons for
preparing plants and plant products for
distribution.
4Bell Work!
- Explain the scope and history of the Nursery
Industry. - Describe the different types of nurseries.
- Explain the economic factors involved in
selecting a nursery site. - Describe the different types of nursery
facilities. - Explain how a plant hardiness map is used.
5Terms
- Erosion
- Evaporation
- Field grown
- Garden center
- Hardiness
- Head house
- Hotbeds
- Hydraulic
- Liner plant
- Broker/re-wholesaler
- Cold frame
- Cold storage
- Commercial production
- Competition
- Containerized
- Drainage
6Terms
- Mass-marketers
- Mail order
- Moisture
- Orchardist
- Over wintering
- Quarantine
- Retail
- Shade houses
7Interest Approach
Using the pamphlets and books from various
nurseries that I gave you, choose two types of
trees that you would like in your backyard. How
much do they cost? Are the costs very different
between the two you choose or between yours and a
classmates? What steps in the production of
these trees can account for their high costs?
8History of the Nursery Industry
- A fruit tree nursery was the first nursery
industry noted. It was from the Massachusetts
Bay Colony in 1644. - Many nurserymen of the late 1700s and early
1800s were orchardists - a specialty nursery
worker who deals with fruit trees. - William Prince established Prince Nursery in 1737
when he was so successful at growing trees and
selling to his neighbors that he turned to
commericial production.
9- Commercial production means to produce for a
specific market. - Prince produced a catalog to market his varieties
of fruit trees and even began experimenting with
plant breeding and making new varieties. - Jackson and Perkins, a name that is still
familiar today, was established in 1864 as a
nursery specializing in small fruits.
10- In 1879, Jackson and Perkins began selling a few
roses and by 1894 they were selling over 175,000
roses annually. - Many nurseries in the Midwest were established in
the 1800s. - By 1890 there were over 4500 nurseries on over
173,000 acres of land in the U.S. Most of these
were small and supplied only the local area. - Major production centers were in NY, CA, IL, OH,
and PA.
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12- In 1912, the first National Plant Quarantine act
went into effect. The quarantine prohibited the
importation of certain plants into the United
States - and this helped the nursery industry
grow. - The Parcel Post - the package delivery branch of
the U.S. postal service - was also established.
This led to the rapid development of the
mail-order catalog business.
13How has the nursery industry impacted our society?
- Bloomington, IL
- a popular nursery site in the mid 1800s because
of the five important railroad lines that
intersected it and the soil and climate well
suited to a variety of plants. - In 1852, Bloomington Nursery was considered the
largest in the country - their packing houses,
cold storage cellars, and buildings covered over
20 acres.
14U.S. Impacts
- By 1974, CA was producing over 130 million
dollars in nursery stock annually. - By 1985, CA was producing over 435 million
dollars and was known as a world leader in the
production of nursery stock. - FL, TX, PA, and TN rounded out the top five.
- In 1992, U.S. production had risen to 5 billion
with CA, FL, VA, and OR being top producers.
15How has the nursery industry changed?
- All changes have increased and improved the
efficiency of production. - We have moved from manpower to animal power to
machine power. - New and more effective machinery, fertilizers,
and pesticides have also helped to improve plant
quality.
16Specific changes in the industry
- Production 1950s drip irrigation was used,
1960s fertilizer injection systems were created,
and in the 1970s trickle irrigation for fields
was used. - Facilities recently, more energy efficient and
environmentally sound building materials have
been introduced.
17- Materials new cultivars and plant varieties have
been introduced, as well as better fertilizers
and chemicals. Patented plants are becoming very
popular. - Market more rapid delivery, new marketing tools
such as computers, and the Internet, and renewed
popularity of gardening education (ex Martha
Stewart)
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19Types of Nurseries
- By type of sales
- By job description
- By product produced
- By crop produced
20What are the economic factors involved in
selecting a nursery site?
- Land cost
- Local land value
- Zoning and taxes
- Level of current development - consider what
businesses will surround you. Will they be a
benefit or a detriment? - Level of development needed for your market
21Labor
- Employee payroll can be over 50 percent of annual
business expenses of a typical wholesale nursery. - Availability of work force
- Local pay scale
- Seasonal versus year round labor need - many
employees are year round, but during the peak
season, worker numbers may double. - Skills of available labor
22- Transportation and Markets
- The location can determine the success or failure
of the business. - Cost, availability, ease of trans. - for both
employees and the product. - How will you get supplies to your business and
your product to market? - Customers availability/means
- Are you convenient for your customers?
- Utilities and services availability, cost, type
23Competition
- Any business that may be competing for your
customers dollars is considered competition. - Other nurseries - consider who may provide
competition and where your business will fit in
to the market. - Other mass-marketers - business other than
nurseries or garden centers that retail or
wholesale plants.
24How does the environment affect the selection of
a nursery site?
- Temperature
- Moisture
- Wind
- Soil type and topography
- Air quality
- Plant pests
- Natural Light
25Temperature
- measured in degrees and is normally regulated by
wind, solar radiation and humidity. - Hardiness refers to a plants ability to
withstand cold temperatures. - Maximum - highest average temperature in your
zone - Minimum - lowest average temperature in your zone
- Average - the average temperatures in your zone
26Moisture
- Water either in the form of rainfall or
irrigation. It is responsible for many plant
functions, and processes. Plant cells need to be
filled with water to remain turgid. - Turgid refers to water pressure that supports the
plant physically. - Quality - the water can be tested for pH,
fertility, and chemical properties
27Moisture
- Quantity - concerns both how much is applied and
how often or when it is applied - Distribution - heavy rainfall can cause many
problems including slowdown in plant harvesting
and cultivation, damage to young plants, and
others - Wind - can cause soil erosion, damage to plants,
increased transpiration and evaporation. - Evaporation is when water changes from a liquid
to a gaseous state. - Erosion is when the land surface is worn away or
transported elsewhere.
28Soil type and topography
- The type of nursery determines which qualities
are the most important in soil topography. Field
soil should be carefully evaluated. It should
have good physical and chemical qualities, and
some organic matter (2-5 or more) should be
present. - Topography effects many things such as roads,
irrigation systems, equipment usage, and what
plants will grow.
29Topography
- Drainage - which is the removal of excess surface
or ground water - The pH - which is a rating referring to the
alkalinity or acidity of a given soil. - Holding capacities - specifically how much water
or air can the soil hold and for how long.
30Air Quality and Plant pests
- Air quality is a factor greatly affected by
pollution. - Plant pests include insects, animals, humans,
weeds, and diseases.
31What kinds of specialized facilities are used in
nurseries?
- Propagation - facilities used specifically for
the production of new plants. - Production - facilities used to bring a crop to a
saleable size and market it.
32Cold Frame
- A type of propagation facility
- A wooden or concrete block frame with a glass or
polyethylene cover that is heated by the sun. - Used for germinating seeds, rooting cuttings,
over wintering plants or hardening off plants for
sale.
33Cold Frame
34Hotbeds
- A type of propagation facility
- similar to a Cold Frame but has additional heat
supplied by electric cables or hot water pipes. - Used for germinating seeds, rooting cuttings or
overwintering more temperate plants.
35Shade Houses
- A type of production facility
- protect plants from wind, temperature extremes,
rain, hail, and sun. - Constructed of wood lath or shade cloth.
- Used for propagation and can usually be altered
for overwintering by covering with polyethylene.
36Shade House
37Over Wintering Houses
- A type of propagation facility
- provide a space for overwintering plant
materials. - Over Wintering is keeping plants safe and
unharmed above ground over the winter. - Usually permanent and covered with polyethylene.
38Tree House!
39Cold Storage
- A type of propagation facility
- provide a cold storage area for nursery crops
- can also be used for cold stratification
treatments.
40Shipping/Receiving
- A type of propagation facility
- centrally located area to shelter and store plant
materials for pick-up and delivery.
41Head House
- A type of propagation facility
- functions as a storage and work area
- allows for work to occur in a dry, protected
area. - Pesticides and fertilizers can be stored and
mixed, equipment can be repaired, plants can be
potted, etc. - Larger nurseries may have separate structures for
potting, repairing, or chemical preparation.
42- Storage areas are for storing production
materials in a protect site. - Business offices are where the business
management activities of the nursery occur. - Potting areas also exist.
43Plant hardiness zone maps
- Used by nursery operators to productively grow
plants. - A map that identifies 11 zones in the U.S. by the
average annual minimum temps in each zone. - Produced by USDA
- Recently updated to show a more complex range of
temperatures
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45Hardiness map is important because . . .
- Young plants and plants in containers are more
sensitive to rapid temperature changes. - It helps with plant selection.
- The zone your business is located in will
determine which plants can be successfully grown
in your nursery and what precautions you need to
take to overwinter them.
46The End!