THE CIVIL WAR

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THE CIVIL WAR
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• Beginnings of the actual war
• -Fort Sumter (SC) one of the last forts held by
  N
• -it had low supplies might have to give up
• -Lincoln knew he could not send troops or the S
  would fight
• -decided to tell S he would send provisions NOT
  reinforcements
• -S didnt see a difference

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• -Apr. 12, 1861 S opened fire after 32 hours
  took the fort
• -N saw it as a provocation
• -Apr. 15 Lincoln called for 75,000 militia and
  the Civil War began
• Border states Missouri, KY, MD, Del., later
  W.VA (6/20/1863) remained neutral
• -important due to rivers for navigating
  manufacturing in KY, MD, Missouri
• -high white population

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• Lincoln did not publicly declare that he was
  fighting to free the Blacks
• -to save union instead
• Brother against Brother Crittenden had 1 son
  fight for S while another son fought for N
  Lincolns wife had 4 brothers fight for the S

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• Advantages Disadvantages
• South Adv.
• (1) fighting on own soil
• (2) only fight to a draw
• (3) fighting for way of life
• (4) most talented officers
• Lee, Stonewall Jackson
• (5) men were good at fighting

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• South Disadv
• (1) no factories
• (2) few RRs
• (3) only 9,103,332 pop.
• 3,521,110 in slaves, 1.2 million combat age
• (4) only 47 million in bank

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• North Adv. 100,000
• (1) had both farms factories
• (2) 23 states 7 territories Calif., Ore, KY,
  Md, MO
• (3) Some 20,000 miles of RR track
• (4) controlled the seas superior navy
• (5) larger armies
• (6) larger pop. (22,339,989) 4 mill, combat age
• (7) 189 million in bank deposit

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• North Disadv
• (1) Military, not well trained
• (2) less talented mil. leaders
• (3) had to go into the South
• What if.
• (a) Border states secedes?
• (b) Upper Miss. River Valley states stayed with
  the Union?
• (c) North demanded an armistice?
• (d) Europe broke blockade

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• Expanding Presidential Powers Limiting
  Liberties (North)
• -All of the following were done by Lincoln but
  later approved by Congress
• Lincoln created a blockade around the South
• -increased size of military
• -ordered 2 million from the US Treasury for mil.
  Purposes
• -suspended writ of habeas corpus
• -held supervised elections in Border States,
  intimidated voters, limited the right of some
  newspapers

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• Northern Army
• -1st relied on volunteers (quota from each state)
• -1863 Congress passed a draft (rich could hire
  subs or pay to the govt. 300 not to go)
• -result Bounty Brokers would go to the poor
  houses in Eng. to get men to enlist

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• Southern Army
• -enlisted men aged 17 to 50
• -used a draft earlier
• -called a rich mans war, but a poor mans
  fight
• Womens role
• -worked in factories, tended to the sick (1st
  female doctor Elizabeth Blackwell) nurses (Clara
  Barton)

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War Battles Begin

• (battles named differently North named them for
  the waterways closest by south for the nearest
  communities)
• -Lincoln originally planned to fight for 90 days
• -he did not necessarily want to get rid of
  slavery
• -only get the South to come back

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• 1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction) 30
  miles SW of DC
• -July 21, 1861 1st major battle
• -Union troops fled but the Conf. were too tired
  to follow and finish
• Effects
• -psychologically (a) gave South too much
  confidence, (b) some felt it was already over,
  (c) hurt Norths morale for quick victory
  caused them to buckle down

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• Lincolns plan of total war The Anaconda Plan
• (1) blockade South
• (2) free slaves remove economic base in South
• (3) take Miss. River cut South in half
• (4) cut it up by putting troops in GA the
  Carolinas
• (5) take Richmond
• (6) wear them down

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• Antietam (9/17/1862) turning point
  bloodiest battle of the war
• -turned out to be a draw, but Lee withdrew
• -Union army under Gen. George McClellan chose not
  to pursue

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• -crucial because
• (1) Br. Fr. were on the verge of intervening
  but since N won they held off
• (2) gave Lincoln reason to announce the
  Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863
• -The Old South will be destroyed
• -declared forever free the slaves in those
  Confed. States still in rebellion
• -border state slaves not effected (about 800,000)

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• -Lincoln really could not free them, but allowed
  many to free themselves only really strengthened
  the Norths moral basis
• After Antietam, McClellan was eventually
  replaced by Gen. Meade
• -Lee decided to invade the North into PA
• -Lee met Meade at Gettysburg (Union 92,000 men
  v. 76,000) in July, 1863.

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• -battled back and forth for days, with no victor
  in sight
• -finally, the Union defeated Lee
• -from here on South at a loss day after Union
  won at Vicksburg (by Grant)
• -a few months later, the Gettysburg Address given
  in the fall of 1863

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• After much searching, Lincoln finally found a
  competent leader
• Ulysses Grant (victories at Fort Henry,
  Donnellson, Shiloh)
• Shermans March to the Sea - William Tecumseh
  Sherman (1864- 1865)
• -captured Atlanta (burned most of it) decided to
  take his men live off of the land go to
  Savannah (250 miles away)
• -destroyed everything in his 60 mile wide path
  all the way to the sea

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• ELECTION OF 1864
• -Lincoln renominated
• -Vice President became Andrew Johnson (War Dem.,
  used to patch things up with border states)
• -Lincoln won 212 to McClellans 21 (from KY, Del.
  MD)
• -his win caused the South to lose hope

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• Confederates finally surrendered (Lincoln would
  accept nothing less)
• -Union took Richmond cornered Lee at Appomattox
  Courthouse in Va on Apr. 12, 1865
• Lincolns death
• -shot in Fords Theatre on Apr. 14, 1865 by John
  Wilkes Booth
• -upset over the treatment of the South

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• Cost of the War
• -Union army lost 2,324,516 1 million wounded
• -Conf. Army lost 260.000 over a million wounded
• -entire nation lost a entire generation,
  including the best minds and potential leaders
• -15 billion
• -surrender forever put down states rights
  nullification
• -preserved democratic ideals
• -inspired other democratic supporters around the
  world