World War I

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World War I

• The Courses and Costs of War, 1914-1918

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War in the West

• Rape of Belgium (Leuven, Aug. 26, 1914) (Much
  propaganda Kadaververwertungsanstalt
• Miracle of the MarneSeptember 5-14, 1914
  (500,000 casualties)
• Christmas Truce
• Stalemate
• Trench warfare in Myth and Memory
• Gallipolifailed attempt at breaking stalemate.
  (April 1915-Jan. 1916)

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Dulce et Decorum Est

• Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, 
  Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed
  through sludge,  Till on the haunting flares we
  turned our backs  And towards our distant rest
  began to trudge.  Men marched asleep. Many had
  lost their boots  But limped on, blood-shod. All
  went lame all blind  Drunk with fatigue deaf
  even to the hoots Of tired, outstripped
  Five-Nines that dropped behind.
• Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!   An ecstasy of
  fumbling,  Fitting the clumsy helmets just in
  time  But someone still was yelling out and
  stumbling,  And flound'ring like a man in fire
  or lime . ..  Dim, through the misty panes and
  thick green light,  As under a green sea, I saw
  him drowning. In all my dreams, before my
  helpless sight,  He plunges at me, guttering,
  choking, drowning.

• If in some smothering dreams you too could pace 
  Behind the wagon that we flung him in,  And
  watch the white eyes writhing in his face,  His
  hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin  If
  you could hear, at every jolt, the blood  Come
  gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, 
  Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud  Of vile,
  incurable sores on innocent tongues,  My friend,
  you would not tell with such high zest To
  children ardent for some desperate glory,  The
  old Lie Dulce et Decorum est  Pro patria mori.
• --Winfred Owen, 1917

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Christmas Truce Video

• Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,Alles schläft
  einsam wachtNur das traute hochheilige
  Paar.Holder Knabe im lockigen Haar,Schlaf in
  himmlischer Ruh!Schlaf in himmlischer Ruh!

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Der Krieg in Osten

• Russia invaded East Prussia and Galicia.
• Defeated at Tanneberg (Aug. 23-30, 1914)
• Russians hold Galicia forced Germany to commit
  more troops to bail out Austrian ally.
• February 1915, Russians forced to retreat along
  Eastern Front following Second Battle of the
  Mausurian Lakes.
• Russia still in war, but attrition helped bring
  on 1917 Revolution.
• Unified Central Powers Command in East, but cant
  knock Russia out of the War.

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Tannenberg Memorialdedicated in August 1924
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Italys War

• Joins the Allies with promises of receiving the
  Irrendenta, if Allies are successful.
• 11 Battles fought along the Isonzo River between
  1915 and September 1917
• Battle at Caporetto (24 Oct.-19 Nov., 1917)
  31,000 Italian Casualties and 265,000 Italian
  Pows.
• Italians hold at Battle of Paive River, June
  1918. (99 boys)
• Italians counter attack at Battle of Vittorio
  Vento (Oct. 1918) and Austria sues for peace.
• Italy suffered 650,000 military deaths and 1.2
  million war related deaths overall.

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The Grisly War (1916-1917)

• Verdun (Feb. 21-Dec. 16 1917) over 1 million
  casualties300,000 dead
• Voie Sacrée tranchee des baionnettes
• The Somme (July 1-November 18, 1916) over 1
  million casualties300,000 dead
• Tanks
• Societal MobilizationDefense of the Real Act.

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1917 Year of Changes

• French Army Mutiny
• Russian Revolution
• Germanys Gambleunrestricted Sub-Warfare and
  Zimmermann Telegram
• U. S. enters war, 1917

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Unterseebooten
U-Boats at Kiel in 1914
U-20, sank Lusitania, May 7, 1915
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Das Ende

• Friedensturm
• 2d Battle of Marne (15 July-6 August, 1918)
• German home front suffering
• Kiel Mutiny (Nov. 1918)
• Woodrow Wilson and the 14 points
• Allied counteroffensive
• Generals decide to preserve the army rather than
  the state.
• Kaiser abdicatesPhilipp Schneidemann proclaims
  republic9 Nov. 1918
• Origen of dolchstasse.
• ArmisticeNov. 11, 1918.

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Ludendorff
Schneidemann proclaims Deutche Republik
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Balance Sheet

• The total number of casualties in World War I,
  both military and civilian, were about 37
  million 16 million deaths and 21 million
  wounded. The total number of deaths includes 9.7
  million military personnel and about 6.8 million
  civilians.
• 750,000 Germans died of starvation.
• 337,980,579,657 calculated cost of World War 1

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