????,?????,U??

1
?3? ??????

• 3.1 ????????????? 54
• ?????????? 56
• 3.2 ?????????? 58
• ????,?????,U??????? 59
• ??????? 60
• 3.3 ???????? 63
• ????,?????,????,?? 64
• 3.4 ???????????? 69
• 3.5 ???? 70
• ??????????,?????????

2
3.1 ?????????????
??????????? ????????????????????????????????Z???,?
???????????
????(??dZ)????????????????,P1,P2??,????????A????,?
????????????????
???,?????????P1?Taylor?????

??????????
3
3.1 ?????????????(??)

• ??????,??????,???????????,
• ???,
• ?????,??????????????????????

???????????????????
4
3.1 ?????????????(??3)

• ?????????????????????,
• ????????,?????C???,??P???????
• ???????Z0?PP0(???)???
• ??????????????????????,??g???????????,
• (???????????P???????????????????????)

????????????
5
?3.1.1 ??????

• 1.??????????(?????)??????????????,????(??)????????
  ?????????????????
• ??????????P?
• ??,?????,???????

6
3.1.2 ????????????

• ??????????????,?????????????????????????????????
  ???,?????????
• ???,?????????????????,??????????????????(???)(bo
  dy force)???????,??,??(x,y,z)????????????(X,Y,Z)??
  ??
• ??,????????(???)????
• ???????,??????3????????????????,??,Pf(x,y,z)???
  ?????

7
3.1.2 ????????????(??)

• ?X?????????????,
• ??????????dxdydz
• ???????x????
• (??????)?????
• ,X??????
• ?x????????????,
• ??????,

8

• ???????????????(???)???
• ??????(???)????,???,?????????(??)???????????????
  ?????,?????(m/s2)???????????????????????,????????
  ?1kg????,?????????????
• ???,???????????????????????6????????????????????
  ??????????????

• ????,????????,??1kg??????????????

9
3.2 ????? 3.2.1 ??????????

• ????????,???????????,?????????,???????????,???????
  ????????760mm?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????

??????????? 1)Pa, 2)mmHg, 3)mmAq, 4)atm(?????),5)a
t,6)torr(??)
10
?????????1mmAq???

• ?1mmAq??
• ??????????1m2???1mm????????,?????????????????????
  ???13.6????????1mmHg????,1mmAq????13.6?????

11
????????????

• 1?????1atm760mmHg760torr(??)
• 10.33mAq10332kgf/m2
• 101.325kPa
• 1????1at1kgf/cm2
• 735.5mmHg10mAq98.07kPa
• 1bar106dyne/cm2105Pa
• 750mmHg10.2mAq
• 1mmAq1kgf/m20.0735mmHg
• 9.807Pa
• 1mmHg 1torr(??)13.6mmAq133Pa
• ???,??????13.6(13.5951)?????????????

?????????????,??????????????????
12
3.2.2 ??????????
????(absolute pressure)???????(0Pa)??????
?????????????? ?????(gauge
pressure)????????(0Pa)??????
?????????????????? ???,???????????????????,????
??????
?????????-?????
?????????????!
13
?3.1 ??????????????

• 1.??10000m??????????????????? 10000m??????????????
  ??????????,??????1000kg/m3??,??????1.03????
• 2.??10000m??????????????????,????????????,???????
  1.293kg/m3??????????,???????10000m??????P????????P
  0?????,P/P00.261?????????????????????????
• 3.??1m????????,?????,??,??????????,???????????????
  ?,???????????????????,??????????????????

14

• ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????(Laplace)????,???????????????
  
• (3.10)
• ???,?(3.10)???????????,
• M???,T????,h???????,???????????,R??????????,
  ?????,??????M,??????????R?????
• M28.96,?1.293kg/m3(0?,1??)
• R0.287(kJ/(kgk) ????

15
??????(?????)
??????????80km??????????? ?O2,N2????
????(10Km??17Km,??0.6?/100m???,???????),???(20Km??
50Km),???(50Km??80km,??-80?),??(80Km??,???????,???
1000K?????)
16
????????
???(????????52?) ???(????????52?) ???(????????52?)
????z(m) ???(P/Po) ??P(kPa)
0 1.000 101.325
100 0.988 100.129
500 0.942 95.458
1000 0.887 89.865
2000 0.785 79.489
3000 0.692 70.107
4000 0.608 61.636
5000 0.533 54.026
6000 0.466 47.197
7000 0.406 41.087
8000 0.352 35.636
9000 0.304 30.783
10000 0.261 26.486
17
??????(??)

• ???????????PVRT??,????1/V????,
• ??P/RT
• ???,P-?gzP0?,??????

TT0-(1.0z/100) TT0-(1.0z/100) TT0-(1.0z/100)
????z(m) ??(k) ??(kPa)
0 300 101.325
100 299 100.180
500 295 95.778
1000 290 90.644
2000 280 81.446
3000 270 73.441
4000 260 66.412
5000 250 60.190
6000 40 54.644
7000 230 49.670
8000 220 45.182
9000 210 41.114
10000 200 37.410
??????????????
18
?3.2 ??????????

• 1.??????????????????????????????,??????13.6????
• 1)100kPa (mmHg)
• 2)10mAq (kgf/m2)
• 3)960 mbar (kPa)
• 4)2atm (kPa)
• 5)1.02at (mmAq)

19
3.2.3 ???????

• ???1)??3)?????????????,
• ???????????
• 1)????????????????,?????????????????????????,????
  ????????????????
• 2)??????????????????????????
• 3)????????????
• ?????????????
• ????????

??????????????????????
20
????????
??????2???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????,???A1?????????????P?,???A2??????????
?????????,?????????F2?,???P??? ???,?F2?,A2/A1??
?????(????????????????) ??,?F2???????,?????????L2
(??)?,???????????,???????????????????,

?????L2? A1/A2 ? ??????????(????????????????????
?????)
?
21
?3.2.3 ????????????

• 1.????????????????,?????????40mm,?????200mm?????,
• 1)??????F21000kgf???????????????????????F1?????
• 2)??1)????,??????10cm???????,???????cm??????????

22
3.2.4 U???????

• ??????(?????)??????????,???U?????????????????????
  ?U??????????????????????

1)U???????(U-tube manometer) ?????,?B??C?????????,
?????????????????B?,C?????PB,PC????,

??,??????????
23
3.2.4 U???????(??)

• ?U??????????????h,???????,?????????,?????????dp/dz
  -?g??,U???????????????????

P2-P1?gh (Pa)
???,??????
P2-P1?h (kgf/m2)
24
?3.2.4 U????????????(??1)

• 1.??,?????Pa?????????????????????,???H5m,???a100
  0kg/m3??????,??????P0101.3kPa????
• 2.??,?????Pa?????????????????????,???H15m,H27m,?
  ??a1000kg/m3 ,?b13600kg/m3,??????P0101.3kPa????
  

????????????????
??
??
25
?3.2.4 U????????????(??2)

• 3.???????,AB????,BC???,CD?????????????????????,???
  ?????????????????,??????0.8,?????1.0,??????13.6,??
  ????760mmHg????

26
3.3 ????????
??????????,?????????????????,????????????????????
???????,???????????????????n????,???? dA???????PdA
?????,???????????????????????????,????F?
27
3.3.1 ??????????(??1)
y??????(????)?????????????
28
3.3.1 ??????????(??2)
??????????,??? ??????
??????????????????dA????b(y)???,
dAb(y)dy
???????yy??????P????????,??????g???
P?gy
??,????????????(??)??????yG????,??1??????(??)?????
?????,????F?
?
29
3.3.1 ??????????(??3)

• ?????,?????
• ????(??????????)(???????)
• ????????yc?????(center of pressure)
• ???????(?????????????????)??
• ,
• ??2?????????
• ??
• ???????yc????2??????????,
• ??,???????????????ycgt?????yG????

30
3.3.2 ??????????(??1)
Z????????????????????
31
3.3.2 ??????????(??2)
?????ZZ(yy)??????p,????F???????ZG??????????
????????
????
?????????????F?,
?????
???????,
??,????z????????(Asin?)?y???????????gyG????????
32
3.3.2 ??????????(??3)

• ??????Zc?????1???
• ??????,??????????

???2???????????,
????
????????(???????? ?????????)??
??????????????yc?
???????,??yc?
?????
33
??????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????
• (1)????????????????????,??????????????????????????
  ????????????
• (2)??????????,???????????????????????????????????
  
• (3)?????,????????????,??????????????,???

34
?3.3 ?????????????
1.??(a),(b)????????????????????????????,?
??????1000kg/m3???? 2.???100m,???50m,??50m???????
???????????? ?????????????????????????,?????????
? ?m??????????????1000kg/m3????
35
3.3.3 ???????????(??1)
???????????r,??L????????????????????,
??????????P????????????????? ?????????,????????d??
???,?????dArd?L???,?????????????????dF?,
?????,????F??????????
?????,?????????(????DL)???P????????
36
3.3.3 ????(?????????)??? ????(??2)
??????????????????????????r,??P?????????????????,?
??????,?????(????)???dA?,
??r????????? dF?
?????,????F?
???????,???????????????
37
3.4 ????????????

• ???(buoyancy)F???????????V??????

??? ??????,??h1?????P1??? ?????????, ???,????(h1
h2)???P2
?????,????(???dA)???????????dF(??)?,??????????????
????????,?????????
???????,???
38
?3.4 ???????

• 1.???10cm??????????????????????,?????2cm??????????
  ???????????????????
• 2.????????????s???????????????????????Va??????,???
  ????Vb?????
• 3.??????????????,?????????????????????

39
3.5 ????3.5.1 ?????????????

• ???????????
• ??P?Pf(x,y,z)????????,?????????,????dP?

X,Y,Z????????? ?????? (m/s2)
?????,???????????,
???????
40
3.5.2 ?????????(??1)
???????????????
?????,??????X,Y,Z?????,X0,Y0,Z-g?????,?????????
?,
???????,????Z?,
???????????????????
????
41
3.5.2 ?????????(??2)
?????,????????????????
?????????m????????,????????R?,
???????,???????????
??????????????????,???????(????????),

??,

y???????????,
???-a/g?x???????????????!
??????????,
42
3.5.2 ?????????(??3)

• ???????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????,????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????

??,???????????????
1.x,y,z????????X,Y,Z?
2.?????,?????????
3.???,????????
????C????? ????h????? ?????d,h????????,????????
??
4.???????????,??,?????, ?????,???????????????
43
3.5.2 ?????????

• 1.????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• 1)????????????????????,

???,??????????????????????,r?????,?????????
????
?!????,???????10 km??,????????????
2)??????r6375km??????(??)?????????????r??????????
,????????????????????
????,????11km???????
44
?3? ??????

• 1.?????a?????????????,???1????2?2????????????,????
  ??h????????????????????????????????????,????1lt?2??
  ??
• 2.??d???????????????????????????????????z(zgtd/2)??
  ?,?????z??????
• 3.??500mm,??1000mm???????,??500mm?????????????????
  ???????????????????????,???????rpm??