Europe

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Europe
Europe Part 2 Review

• Review

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Industrial Revolution

• The means of production of goods shifted from
  hand tools to complex machines and from human and
  animal power to steam power.
• Industrialization started in Great Britain
  because it had iron ore coal, rivers for
  factories, population to work in factories,
  strong economy from Imperialism and the capital
  to invest.

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Capitalism

• Adam Smith, Father of Capitalism
• Wrote The Wealth of Nations
• Laissez Faire Economics- government keeps their
  hands off business, no regulation.
• Economy governed by the natural forces of supply
  and demand and competition among businesses.

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Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Postives

• Negatives

• Production was faster
• Improved Transportation and Technologies
• Roads and Canals built
• Steam Locomotive
• Railroads grew
• Steam Engines
• Cotton Gin/ Water Frame

• Working conditions
• Living Conditions (Slums)?
• Disease
• Child Labor
• Pollution

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Irish Potato Famine

• Under British rule, the majority of Irish
  farmland had been used to grow crops, such as
  wheat oats, to send back to England. The Irish
  used the potato as their main food crop.
• In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop.
  The British continued to ship their crops to
  England and let over one million Irish die of
  starvation or disease. Millions of others
  migrated to the United States and Canada.

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Nationalism

• Pride and Devotion to ones country
• Unite or divide a country

Breaks up Austria and Ottoman Empires
Unifies Germany and Italy
Otto von Bismarck- Blood Iron
Multinational Empires
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Nationalism

• Is Positive When
• It brings people together
• When there is a common language
• - Common Culture
• - Common Traditions
• Shared History

• Is Negative When
• It separates people
• - When there is no common language
• A variety of cultures
• A variety of traditions
• No Shared History

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World War IMain Causes

• M Militarism (glorification of military power)?
• Arms Race countries competed with each other to
  expand their armies and navies
• A Alliance (nations agreed to defend each
  other)?
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia
• I Imperialism
• Competition for colonies and Industrialization
• N Nationalism
• Rivalry contributed to tensions in Europe
• SparkAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Germany invades Belgium

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WWI- New Technologies

• Automatic Machine Gun
• Tank
• Submarine
• Airplane
• Poison Gas/Gas Mask
• Trench Warfare
• Propaganda- spreading of ideas to promote a cause
  or to damage an opposing cause.

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End of WWI1918

• Treaty of Versailles
• Ends World War I
• Blames Germany (war guilt)?
• Forced to pay reparations
• Payments for war damage they had caused
• Disarm
• Reduce their armies and navies
• Give up Territory and Colonies
• Germany was not able to rebuild their war-torn
  country and pay reparations. The weak, Weimar
  Republic was blamed for signing the unfair treaty.

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Rise of Fascism

• Causes
• Treaty of Versailles unfair to Germany
• Adolf Hitler
• wanted to rebuild the German Army
• restore German national pride
• policy of expansion in Eastern Europe
• Benito Mussolini
• Promised to solve Italys Problems
  (unemployment, restore national pride, end
  chaos)?

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Appeasement

• Giving in to the demands of an aggressor to
  maintain peace.
• Western Democracies did not stop German
  aggression.
• Munich Conference 1938- Peace in our time
  Neville Chamberlain
• Germany invaded Poland and Britain and France
  declared War on Germany beginning WWII..1939

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Turning Points of WWII

• Allies- Great Britain, France, U.S.S.R., China
• Axis- Germany, Italy, Japan
• 1941- Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. U.S.
  enters war on Allied side.
• 1944- Allies invaded France, D-Day. Broke
  through German defenses and freed France.
• 1945- Allies dropped two atomic bombs on the
  Japanese cities of Hiroshima Nagasaki. Emperor
  Hirohito surrendered.

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Impact of WWII

• 75 million people killed
• The Nazis genocide against the Jews killed 6
  million Jews (Holocaust).
• Land, homes, farms, businesses destroyed.
• Nuremberg War Crimes Trials- Nazi leaders tried
  for crimes against humanity. Leaders will be
  held accountable for atrocities during wartime.
• United Nations- World peacekeeping organization.

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Cold War

• Continuing state of tension and hostility between
  the two world superpowers (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.)
• Iron Curtain- Imaginary line dividing Europe
  between the West/Democracy and the
  East/Communism.
• Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan- U.S. gave huge
  amounts of money to war-torn countries to keep
  them from falling to communism.

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Containment- U.S. policy to limit communism to
areas already under Soviet control.

• A Divided Germany
• Western Germany Democratic
• Eastern Germany Under Soviet Control, Communist
• Berlin Airlift- 1948
• Stalin (Soviet Leader) closes all land routes
  that would bring supplies to West Berlin.
• In response, Western Powers flew in food and
  supplies to Western Berlin.
• Berlin Wall- 1961-1989
• Fortified wall between East and West Berlin to
  keep East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin,
  democracy and freedom.

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Hot Spots in a Cold War

• Opposing Military Alliances
• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization - U.S.,
  Canada, Western Europe will support each other if
  attacked.
• Warsaw Pact The Soviet Union and seven Eastern
  European satellite countries.
• Cuban Missile Crisis- Soviets put nuclear
  missiles on Cuba, 90 miles of the coast of
  Florida.

• Arms Race- Superpowers spent huge amounts of
  money to develop more and more powerful weapons
  led to tension that the world would be destroyed.
• Space Race- 1957 the Soviets launched Sputnik, a
  satellite into orbit around the Earth.
• 1969 the U.S. was the first to land a man on
  the moon.

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The End of the Cold War

• Détente- the easing of tensions.
• U.S. U.S.S.R. start to thaw out and
  cooperate. Example space exploration
• Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted economic and
  democratic changes
• Glasnost- openness to democratic ideas ended
  censorship
• Perestroika- restructuring the economy and
  allowed some capitalism.
• 1991- Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War
  Ended!!!
• Russia and President Putincorruption again.
• Ukraine

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Yugoslavia-Multinational state created after WWI.

• By 1991, many ethnic groups declared independence
  and tensions flared.
• In Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbs practiced Ethnic
  Cleansing, the act of removing or killing a
  certain ethnic group.
• Christian Serbian leader, Slobodan Milosevic,
  ordered atrocities against non-Serbian Muslims.
• NATO and the UN took military action and
  Milosevic was arrested and tried for war crimes
  and genocide, but he mysteriously died in jail

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Economic Interdependence

• European Union- common currency, the Euro.
• Globalization- people and countries connected by
  international trade, with money and information
  flowing instantly across international boundaries
  via the Internet.
• Dependence on foreign oil.