Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire

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Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire

• Section 1
• Imperialism and America

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Bell Ringer 10/8/2015

• What is imperialism? Name some countries who were
  imperialist before 1898.
• What is the difference between imperialism and
  expansionism?
• Why do you think Americans prefer to call it
  expansionism?

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American Expansionism

• Imperialism the policy in which stronger
  nations extend their economic, political, or
  military control over weaker territories
• Does expansionism differ? Why do we prefer to
  call it expansionism?

4
3 factors for American imperialism/Expansionism

• 1. desire for military strength
• 2. thirst for new markets
• 3. belief in cultural superiority

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Desire for Military Strength

• Other nations were establishing a military
  presence around the world
• Alfred T. Mahan Admiral in the US Navy
• Urged the United States to strengthen the navy in
  order to compete with other nations

6
Thirst for New Markets

• Why?
• Advances in technology enabled farmers and
  factories to produce more than American citizens
  could use
• Needed more raw materials for the factories
• New markets to sell the goods to

7
Belief in Cultural Superiority

• Some people believed and argued that Americans
  had a responsibility to spread Christianity and
  their beliefs to other nations
• Social Darwinism a belief that free-market
  competition would lead to the survival of the
  fittest

8
Alaska

• Purchased in 1867
• Cost 7.2 Million
• Arranged by William Seward (Sec. of State under
  Abe Lincoln Andrew Johnson)
• Become a state in 1959
• Rich in timber, minerals, and oil

9
Hawaii

• Pearl Harbor 1887 became a naval base and
  refueling station for American ships
• Sugar plantations became a huge part of the
  Hawaiian economy
• 1898 Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American
  territory
• 1959 became a state

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The Spanish-American War

• Chapter 10
• Section 2

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Cubans Rebel Against Spain

• Cuba Libre! a free Cuba
• Jose Marti Cuban poet and journalist who wanted
  Cuba to be an independent nation

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War Fever Escalates

• Valeriano Weyler sent by Spain to Cuba to
  restore order
• Gathered more than 300,000 Cubans into
  concentration camps where many died of hunger and
  disease

13
Yellow Journalism

• Yellow journalism the use of sensationalized
  and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or
  magazines to attract readers
• Weylers actions fueled a war of words between
  the New York Journal and the New York World
• New York Journal William Randolph Hearst
• New York World Joseph Pulitzer

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The De Lome Letter

• 1898 published by the New York Journal
• Written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome the Spanish
  minister to the United States
• Criticized President McKinley
• weak and a bidder for the admiration of the
  crowd
• Why is this such a big deal?
• Roosevelt had been bad mouthing McKinley for
  quite some time. (Called him White livered and
  that McKinley had the backbone of a chocolate
  éclair

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The U.S.S. Maine

• Feb. 15th 1898 the ship blew up outside of
  Havana
• 266 were killed
• Blame placed on the Spanish
• Remember the Maine!! becomes battle cry for war
• 1976, study proves sinking of the Maine was an
  accident

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War in the Philippines

• First battle of the Spanish-American War
• George Dewey commander of a fleet in the U.S.
  Navy defeated a fleet of Spanish ships at
  Manila
• Allowed the American troops to take land in the
  Philippines

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War in the Caribbean

• Naval blockade of Cuba blocked the Spanish Navy
  Fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba
• Rough Riders volunteer cavalry under the
  command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt

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San Juan Hill

• Most famous land battle of the Spanish-American
  War
• July 1st 1898
• A quick victory over the Spanish fleet in the
  harbor followed resulting in the complete
  destruction of the fleet

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Treaty of Paris

• December 10th 1898
• Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of
  Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States
• Spain sold the U.S. the Philippines for 20
  million dollars

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Splendid Little War

• 5,462 died, but only 379 in battle
• Most died from diseases
• Malaria, typhoid, dysentery or yellow fever
• End of Spains New World Empire

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Ch 10 Sec3

• Acquiring New Lands

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The Foraker Act

• This act ended U.S. military rule in Puerto Rico
  and set up a civil govt. there.
• This act also gave the U.S. President the power
  to appoint Puerto Ricos governor and
  legislators. Only members of the lower house
  would be elected by the Puerto Rican people.
• This act also squashed the hopes that many had of
  having Puerto Rico become a state.

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The Platt Amendment

• Amendments to the Cuban Constitution were forced
  to happen as a result of this Platt Amendment.
  This amendment said
• 1) Cuba couldnt make a treaty that would limit
  its independence or allow a foreign power to
  control it.
• 2) U.S. could not intervene in Cuba.
• 3) Cuba was not to go into debt.
• 4) U.S. could buy or lease land on Cuba for naval
  and refueling stations.

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Cuba

• Then became a U.S. protectorate, or a country
  whose affairs are partially controlled by a
  stronger power.

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The Philippines

• The Filipinos were outraged when they learned of
  the terms of the Treaty of Paris. The treaty
  called for American annexation of the
  Philippines.
• A man by the name of Emilio Aguinaldo, led rebel
  Filipino troops against the U.S. using guerilla
  tactics to fight against annexation and fight for
  an independent Philippines. The war was costly
  and atrocities were committed by the American
  troops.

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Aftermath of the Filipino War

• The U.S. would set up a government very similar
  to the one established in Cuba. The Philippines
  would be a protectorate until July 4, 1946.

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China

• To protect U.S. trading interests Secretary of
  State John Hay issued in 1899 a series of policy
  notes or statements called the Open Door Notes.
• These notes were sent to other imperialist
  nations to get them to share trading rights to
  China, so that no one single nation had exclusive
  trading rights to China. The other imperialist
  nations reluctantly agreed to this policy.

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China and the Boxer Rebellion

• The Boxers were a group of Chinese people that
  resented foreign/ western influence control of
  trade and culture in China.
• The growing resentment led to the Boxer rebellion
  where Chinese martial artists went around killing
  any Chinese accepting Christianity and other
  westerners. Thousands of Chinese died as a
  result of the rebellion, but ultimately it was
  unsuccessful in stopping western influence and
  trade in China.

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Imperialism

• Was favored by most Americans because they
  reelected a pro imperialism president in William
  Mckinley as opposed to an anti-imperialist
  William Jennings Bryan.
• As a result of Imperialism the United States had
  gained an empire by 1900.
• Later anti-imperialist sentiments would arise and
  gain support.

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America as a World Power

• Ch. 10 Section 4

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Negotiations between Russia Japan

• Japan secretly asked the U.S. to help negotiate a
  peace treaty
• Mediated by Teddy Roosevelt
• Helped him win the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize
• Japan received half of Sakhalin Island, Russian
  interests in Manchuria and Korea

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Panama Canal

• Would reduce travel time for military and
  commercial ships
• Would provide a shortcut between the Atlantic
  Pacific Oceans
• Work began in 1904
• Some 43,400 workers were employed
• 5,600 of those died
• Disease
• Accidents

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Roosevelt Corollary

• Added to the previous warnings of the Monroe
  Doctrine
• Announced in 1904
• the U.S. claimed the right to use military
  intervention to protect its interests in Latin
  America

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Dollar Diplomacy

• U.S. policy of using the nations economic power
  to exert influence over other countries
• Created under William Howard Taft
• American bankers businessmen loaned money to
  help keep Latin American countries afloat.
• Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic
• This guaranteed that the Americans would be
  repaid (with interest of course)
• Also guaranteed that these countries would be
  friendly (i.e. buy American goods) with America.
• We sent collectors to get our money, and then
  also sent Marines to reassure payment of debts

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Wilsons Missionary Diplomacy

• The U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny
  recognition to any Latin American government it
  viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to
  U.S. interests

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Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata

• Rebels that led the rebellion in Mexico vs. the
  Carranza led government
• John J. Pershing was sent by President Wilson to
  capture Villa either dead or alive

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United States Foreign Policy Goals of the early
20th century

• 1. it expanded its access to foreign markets in
  order to ensure the continued growth of the
  domestic economy
• 2. built a modern navy to protect its interests
  abroad
• 3. exercised its international police power to
  ensure dominance in Latin America