Sec. 1 Articles

1
Sec. 1 Articles
2

• Definite article the
• Indefinite articles a/an

3
Definite article
4
Chinese students misconceptions

• the?
• the can be put before any noun.

5
Translation

• ??????????
• The proof of the theorem is difficult .
• ??????????
• The switch on the wall is for the ceiling light

6
Indefinite articles
7

• A mistake Chinese students often make
• Engineer can create what has never existed
  before.

8
Why are indefinite articles often neglected by
Chinese students and how to avoid this?
A question
9

• Mistakes correction
• As one of wide-band gap ?-? group
  semiconductor, ZnSe has received much attention
  for its technological application in blue laser
  diode, IR optical window, solar cell and sensor.

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Special cases
11

• Any/all/each/some/many/most/one/none/either/neithe
  r/the rest of the
• so/too complex a machine/as good a conductor as
  copper
• an S-shaped magnet

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The indefinite article can be put before an
uncountable noun to express ??,??
13

• Make a(n) analysis/study/comparison
• Gain an understanding
• Give a(n) introduction/discussion

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Blank filling

• 1. If voltage is applied across a
  circuit,
• electric current will flow in
  circuit.
• 2. tungsten is metal used in
• electric lamp.

15

• Translation
• ????????????????
• ??,??????????????????

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Pay attention to the use of articles in the
following cases

• When the Chinese character ? appears
• Before uncountable nouns
• Before countable nouns in the singular form
• Before countable nouns in the plural form

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Translation

• ????????????????
• ?????????????2?????

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Sec. 2 Prepositions
19
of
20

• of an abstract noun the corresponding
  adj. (This noun can be modified by an adj.s or
  determiner.)

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Translation

• ???????
• ???????????

22
Express the meaning of among
23
Introduce an appositive
24

• The science of chemistry
• The concept of potential difference

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Translation

• ????
• ???????

26

• Introduce a numerical value

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• a current of 4 mA

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Introduce a logical object
29
An example

• The separation of aluminum from its ore was
  very difficult at that time.

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Translation

• ????
• ????

31
A mistake Chinese students often make

• ??????? the application to the computer

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Chinese students misconception

• ?to

33
Help to form set collocations
34

• the ability of a body to do work
• the tendency of an object to move
• the desire of man to control nature

35
with
36

• ? with an abstract noun (care/ease/difficulty/ef
  ficiency/skill/precision) the corresponding
  adverb

? ??, vary/ change/ increase/ decrease/ rise,
fall with
This parameter varies with temperature.
With the rise in/of temperature

• ? ?
• With-structure
• with emphasis on

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by
38
? a value
??/??10?
? ??????
By Ohms law By this method/means/process/rule/sta
ndard
? ?? by gerund
39
for
40
? a duration
???
For xlt1, this equation holds.
? purpose
????X??
? reason For this reason for convenience
? set collocations
Method/technique/algorithm/condition/requirement
for
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in
42

• ? ????????????
• in their study of electricity
• in using this device
• ????
• The machine is small in size.
• They are different in function.
• reduction/decrease/increase/change/rise/fall/drop
  in temperature
• ? set collocations
• in this way/manner/fashion

43
over
44

• Its flight over this city was a great success.
• This new design has many advantages over the
  original one.
• The determination of its average velocity over
  this distance is not difficult.
• This wire is over five times as long as that one
  (is).
• The reliability of modem electronic equipment has
  improved greatly over the years.

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on/upon
??(?)????????
Upon substituting the actual magnitudes,
it turned out that v is the velocity of light.
46
at

• Mistakes Chinese students often make
• ???? under room temperature
• ?????? under this frequency

47
A special function of the preposition
48
Prepositional object --- only after a few
prepositions, such as from, except, to,
49

• The energy from within the earth can be
  exploited.
• This equation does not hold except in this case.

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Sec. 3 Coordinators
51
and
52
Its special use
53

• a noun ( phrase) and --- If ---, ---.
• One more effort and we shall succeed.

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Translation

• ??????,????????????

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Mistakes Chinese students often make

• A, B
• A?B
• A, B, C

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or
57

• There are three main laws of mechanics or three
  laws of Newton.
• Computers are particularly useful in such systems
  as telemetry, where signals must be quickly
  recorded or be lost.

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for
59

• In previous chapters we did not use the
  trigonometric, inverse trigonometric,
  exponential, or logarithmic functions, for the
  derivative of each of these is a special form.

60
Pay attention to the difference between for and
because.
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Sec. 4 Numerals
62

• Rough integral numbers
• ???,????
• ??
• ???
• ???

63

• A general formula for expressing a fraction
• Numerator (a cardinal number) / Denominator
  (an ordinal number in plural form except when the
  numerator is 1, in which case a singular form is
  used)

64

• 1/3
• 5/6
• 1/2
• The rest mass of the products of the explosion is
  less than the original rest mass by one
  ten-thousandth of the original rest mass.
• ???? five tenths of a gram
• (or 0.5 gram --- a decimal number)

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How can we express the idea of ????
66
Formula a few (or several) tenths
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Translation

• ????????????????

68

• A special form used mainly in science (often
  to express a very small fraction)

69

• A cesium clock maintains its frequency
  constant to one part in one hundred billion
  (1011)or better.

70
The special way for a numeral to act as a
pre-modifier

• a multiple the its, their a noun
• a fraction that a postmodifier
  
  
  (mainly of-phrase)
• a percentage what-clause

71
Examples

• Its output is 100 times (as great as) the signal
  applied to the amplifier.
• The force provided by two parallel rubber bands
  is twice (as large as) that provided by one
  rubber band.
• This voltage is two fifths what it was.

72
A mistake Chinese students often make

• ??????????This book is 3 times thicker than
  that one.

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Sec. 5 Verbs
74
Notional verbs
75

• Cultivate the awareness of the importance of
  notional verbs in English learning and pay
  attention to the verbs whose use goes beyond our
  expectation.

76
Examples

• Recent years witnessed a rapid growth of
  communication services.
• Computers of this kind enjoy great
  popularity.

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Link verbs
78

• Make it clear that not merely the various
  forms of be are link verbs and pay attention to
  the special use of prove .

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Translation

• ?????????????
• ????????????

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Semi-auxiliary verbs
81

• Pay attention to the special use of the
  semi-auxiliary verb remain
• Translation
• ?????????
• ?????????

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Sec. 6 Adjectives
83
Singular adjectives as attribute
84

• Some adjectives may act as a postmodifier
  available, possible
• No textbooks available mention this point.
• In this case there are two directions possible .

85

• Some adjectives must act as postmodifiers
  present, what(so)ever
• The energy within the spectrum is distributed
  smoothly among the various wavelengths present.
• In this case no rotation whatsoever will result.

86
Singular adjectives as adverbial
87

• Cast iron is usually machined dry.
• The suns rays come to the earth almost parallel.

88
A special kind of adjective uned as adverbial
89

• These machines can work unattended.
• In this case the signal waveform can be
  transmitted undistorted.
• Even if a student can follow every line of every
  example in this book, that doesnt mean that he
  or she can solve problems unaided.

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Adjective phases as postmodifiers
91

• The coming years will witness the arrival of
  microprocessors with performance and complexity
  levels so high that such devices would have been
  inconceivable only a decade ago.
• The truth table gives us a means of handling
  problems too complex to be solved by inspection.

92
A set pattern

• We shall have giant televisions one inch thick.
• Fig. 5 shows two parallel wires two meters long.

93
Adjective phrases as adverbial
94

• Accurate in operation and high in speed,
  computers can save man a lot of time and labor.
• Contrary to popular belief, humans don't need
  less sleep as they age.
• Light, durable, simple and inexpensive, such
  devices are warmly received by users.
• Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron
  will not rust very fast.

95

• The gas is restored to its original temperature,
  ready to repeat the cycle again and again.
• The force M acts perpendicular to the earths
  surface.

96
A writing technique

• If two coordinate sentences have the same
  subject, replace one of them with an adjective
  phrase if possible.

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Translation

• Washington ?????????,???????,????????????
• Medium-sized and coeducational, Washington
  University ranks among the nations leaders in
  higher education.

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Sec. 7 Adverbs
99
Predicative
Such adverbs as on, off, over, apart, away can
act as the predicative in a sentence.
100
Postmodifier
Singular adverbs expressing place or time can be
used as a postmodifier above,below,here,there,aro
und now, then, today
101
Examples

• The two equations below are very useful.
• The problem now is how to solve the equation.

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An expression of a numerical value an adverb
(usually apart, away and etc.) can act as a
postmodifier.
103
Examples

• Electronic mail enables one to establish contact
  with the people half a world away.
• This type of keyboard puts the keys in two curved
  wells a shoulder distance apart .

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Sec. 8 Pronouns
105
The relationship between a possessive pronoun and
the noun it modifies
106
Belonging
107
Subject-predicative

• Light is needed by the green plants to make them
  green and they cannot survive for long in its
  absence. ( without it if it is absent) .
• Water and carbon dioxide are among substances
  that absorb the infrared. Their presence in the
  atmosphere has an insulating effect.

108
Subject-predicate

• There is a capacitance across the PN junction.
  And its existence causes some problems at high
  frequencies.
• A baseball that lands in an open soon comes to
  rest because of its interaction with the ground .

109

• Decision tables are very compact in their
  representation of information .
• Thus far our discussion of the principles of
  mechanics has been concerned primarily with
  particles.
• This is possible because of our assumption that
  the transistor is a linear amplifier over the
  range of voltages and currents of interest.

110
Predicate-object

• The Fourier transform is a very powerful tool
  that is used to a great extent in engineering.
  However, the limitation defined by Eq. (2 1)
  restricts its use in important situations .
• Attention focuses on the floated gyroscopes
  because of their utilization as an essential
  component in ballistic missiles .
• The result of an experiment forced the
  abandonment of Thomsons model and its
  replacement by a new model .

111
Translation

• ????????????,??????k??????????
• ??????????,????????????
• ?????????????????,????????????
• ???????????????
• ???????????????????

112
Mistakes Chinese students often make

• ???????
• Computer and the Application
• Computer and the Application of it
• Computer and its Application

113

• A personal pronoun may sometimes be used to
  stand for something after it.
• When they get hot, all metals melt.
• Because of its simplicity, the circuit is widely
  used in power supplies.
• I'd appreciate it very much if you could give
  him a chance to study at your university.

114
Sec. 9 Nouns
115
Premodifier

• UNESCO
• Aerospace Applications of Artificial Intelligence
  Annual Conference
• Communications satellites
• Nature preservation

116
Summarize some writing techniques by answering
the following question

• In what cases can nouns be used as a
  premodifier according to the examples above?

117
Postmodifier

• Expressing size, value, etc. (of is omitted )
• In six years we will have a computer the size of
  a watch. ( as small as a watch)

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Translation

• ?????????
• ????????
• ????????

119
Adverbial
120
How to translate ???????,??? and ?????
?Analyze the function of the noun in the
phrases.
121
More examples

• Transistors are temperature sensitive.
• This material is acid resistant.

122
Translation

• ????(???)??????
• ???
• ???
• ?????

123
Appositive
124

• A noun phrase may act as an appositive to
  the whole sentence (or part of it) before, so as
  to make a long, complex sentence a simpler one.

125
Examples

• If x were outside this range, the potential
  energy would exceed the total energy, an
  impossible situation.
• Increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other
  pollutants are responsible for a rise in global
  temperature, a phenomenon called global warming.

126
A noun phrase may be put before a sentence,
acting as an appositive to the subject of the
sentence to make a long, complex sentence a
simpler one.
127
An Ivy League university located in
Philadelphia,Penn was founded by Benjamin
Franklin and has been a pioneer in education and
research for more than two hundred years .
128
A writing technique

• If two coordinate sentences have the same
  subject, replace one of them with a noun phrase
  if possible.

129
Translation
?????????????????,????1931?? ???20???????????????,
?????????????????
130
One of the national key universities, Xidian
University was founded in 1931 . A new technology
introduced in the 1960s, laser can pierce the
hardest substance such as diamond .
131
Make a comparison of the writing technique here
with that mentioned in the Adjectives part.