The United States and Latin America

1
The United States and Latin America

• By Angela Brown
• Chapter 9 Section 3

2
Essential Question

• What actions did the US take to achieve its goal
  in Latin America?
• Learning Targets
• Explain why the United States built the Panama
  Canal and the impact that it had.
• Compare American foreign policy in the early
  1900s in Latin America and in Asia.
• Describe President Tafts use of dollar
  diplomacy, including its legacy as an American
  foreign policy.

3

• By 1900, U.S. emerged as a World Power,
  controlled several overseas territories and had a
  large and vigorous economy.
• Led to McKinleys decisive victory in 1900

4

• McKinleys assassination put Republican Theodore
  Roosevelt in charge.
• He developed a foreign policy and lead the U.S.
  to intervene internationally to meet U.S. needs.

5
Civil Government in Puerto Rico
http//www.solarnavigator.net/geography/geography_
images/Puerto_Rico_map_caribbean.jpg
6
Foracker Act

• After the war Puerto Rico remained under direct
  US military rule.
• In 1900, Congress passed the Foracker Act,
  establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico.
• US President would appoint a governor and a
  portion of the legislature.
• Puerto Ricans would fill the rest in a general
  election.

7
Citizenship

• The question of citizenship remained unclear.
• The Congress continued to pass legislation to
  grant Puerto Ricans more rights and give them
  more control of their legislature.
• Puerto Ricans continue to vote against statehood
  today.

8
Cuban Protectorate

• US Army did not withdraw until 1902.
• Congress forced Cuba to add the Platt Amendment
  to its Constitution before leaving as part of the
  treaty.
• This Amendment restricted the rights of newly
  independent Cubans and brought the island within
  the US sphere.
• It prevented Cuba from signing a treaty with
  another nation without American approval.

9
Protectorate

• It required Cuba to lease naval stations to the
  US. (Guantanamo Bay)
• It granted the US the right to intervene to
  preserve order in Cuba.
• This treaty made Cuba a protectorate of the US
  and governed their relationship until 1934.
• Replaced the Teller Amendment

10
The Panama Canal

• The Spanish-American War illustrated a need for a
  shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic
  Ocean.
• A canal could be built across Central America to
  link the oceans.

11
Building the Panama Canal

• The Isthmus of Panama was an ideal location.
• Panama was a province of Columbia.

12

• 1879 French Company headed by Ferdinand de
  Lesseps bought a 25-year concession to build a
  canal
• Concession grant for a piece of land in
  exchange for a promise to use the land for a
  specific purpose

13

• Yellow fever and mismanagement project
  abandoned 10 years later
• Offered its rights to the U.S. for 100 million
• Price fell to 40 million, Congress passed
  Spooner Act in 1902 authorized purchase
• Act required U.S. work out treaty with Colombia
  for land lease

14

• Colombia was waiting for French lease to expire
  in 1904 to get a higher price.
• Roosevelt was enraged.
• The U.S. stated would not interfere with a
  Panamanian revolution against Colombia.

15

• Revolt took place in Nov. 1903
• U.S. warships offshore to provide support for
  rebels
• Immediately recognized Panamas independence and
  became its protector
• Feb 1904, Panama ratified the Hay-Bunau Varilla
  Treaty gave U.S. a permanent grant of a 10-mile
  wide strip of land for a canal zone

16

• Panama received 10 million and an annual rent of
  250,000.
• Construction began in 1904.
• 35,000 workers trained from several countries.

17

• Surpassed all expectations
• 1914 Canal finished, six months ahead of schedule
  and 23 million under budget.
• It cut 8,000 nautical miles off the trip from
  the west coast to the east coast of the US.

18
Reaction to Panama Canal

• Roosevelts opponents did not appreciate the
  methods he used to secure the canal zone.
• Most Americans approved of Pres. Roosevelts
  actions in Panama.
• Panama Canal left ill will among Latin Americans
  toward the U.S.
• In recognition of means used to acquire Canal
  Zone, Congress voted to pay 25 million to
  Colombia in 1921, after TR died.
• 5,000 canal workers died from disease or
  accidents while building the canal.

19
Foreign Policy

• 1901 Roosevelt quoted an old African Proverb
  Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick
• Big Stick U.S. Navy

20
The Roosevelt Corollary

• Corollary extension of previously accepted idea
• Roosevelt extended the Monroe Doctrine.
• The U.S. government would intervene to prevent
  intervention from other powers.
• U.S. would act as a police power to protect the
  hemisphere.

21

• Dominican Republic (formerly Santo Domingo)
  bankrupt
• U.S. took over finances and paid its European
  debt.
• Roosevelts actions were blocked by Congress.
• He got around Congress by creating an executive
  agreement with Santo Domingos President.

22

• Under Roosevelt the U.S. intervened in Latin
  America often.
• Latin Americans and Congress were displeased.
• Roosevelts single-handed foreign policies
  strengthened the Presidents powers and weakened
  Congress.

23
Roosevelt as Peacemaker

• 1905 Roosevelt mediated a peace agreement to the
  Russo-Japanese War.
• Persuaded Japan to accept small grants of land
  and control over Korea instead of a huge sum of
  money.

24

• Russia agreed to vacate Manchuria.
• Roosevelt succeeded in keeping trade in China
  open to all nations.
• Roosevelt won a Nobel Prize for this mediation.

25
http//www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/nobelportsmo
uth.htm

• Roosevelt won Nobel Prize for mediation
• The Treaty of Portsmouth resolved the
  Russo-Japanese War and earned Theodore Roosevelt
  recognition by the Nobel Prize Committee.

26
Mount Rushmore
http//www.mikelevin.com/MountRushmore.jpg

• Should Theodore Roosevelt face be on this
  monument with these great leaders? Why?
• Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt

27
Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• 1908 William Howard Taft was elected President
  over William Jennings Bryan.
• Main foreign policy goals to maintain the open
  door to Asia and preserve stability in Latin
  America.
• Preferred substituting dollars for bullets
  increasing American investment in foreign
  economies

28
Dollar Diplomacy

• Contemporaries mocked approach Dollar Diplomacy
• diplomacy not as successful as Taft hoped
  results not always profitable
• Created enemies in Latin America who resent U.S.
  influence.
• Anti-colonialism abroad and anti-imperialism at
  home checked further expansion.

29
Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• Wilson criticized the two previous
  administrations and vowed to take US foreign
  policy in a new direction.
• He promised the US would never take another foot
  of territory by force but would work to promote
  human rights, national integrity, and
  opportunity.
• This was his message of moral diplomacy.

30
Woodrow Wilson
http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fileadmin/his
toryLearningSite/ woodrow.jpg
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Wilsons Military Use

• He did intervene several times to guide Latin
  America in the direction he felt appropriate.
• He sent the marines to Haiti to protect American
  interest from French and German aggression.
• US soldiers and sailors intervened in the
  Dominican Republic and Mexico.

32
Haiti
http//go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_map/haiti.gif
33
Mexican Revolution

• In 1911, Francisco Madero led the Mexican
  Revolution that toppled Diaz.
• 1n 1913, Victoriano Huerta seized power and
  executed Madero.
• Huerta pledged to protect American investments
  but do to moral diplomacy Wilson favored
  Venustiano Carranza, another reformer, who had
  organized anti-Huerta forces.

34
Mexico
http//images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/america
s/mexico_pol97.jpg
35
U.S. Involvement

• In 1914, Wilson sent marines to occupy the
  Mexican port of Veracruz.
• Huertas government to collapse, and Carranza
  assumed the presidency.
• The new Carranza government was slow in bringing
  reforms.
• Rebels arose again.

36
Pancho Villa

• In 1916 Francisco Pancho Villas forces crossed
  into New Mexico and killed 18 Americans.
• President Wilson sent General John J. Pershing
  and over 10,000 troops on an expedition to
  Mexico.
• Pershings forces chased Villa for several months.

37
Pancho Villa
http//www.facade.com/celebrity/photo/Pancho_Villa
.jpg
http//clubs.asua.arizona.edu/mecha/images/Images
/History/pancho.jpg
38
World War I

• Wilson eventually withdrew American troops from
  Mexico in 1917 mostly because of his concerns
  about WWI raging in Europe.
• General Pershing took command of the American
  Expeditionary Force in France.