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Diversity, superdiversity, and beyond

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Title: Diversity, superdiversity, and beyond


1
Diversity, superdiversity, and beyond
  • Adrian Blackledge
  • MOSAIC Centre for Research on Multilingualism
  • University of Birmingham
  • ESRC Seminar Series Diverse Teachers for Diverse
    Learners Research and Perspectives
    Bilingualism and Teacher Diversity in Schooling

2
Superdiversity
  • Many parts of the world are now characterised by
    superdiversity, arising from the differential
    convergence of factors surrounding patterns of
    immigration over more than twenty years.
  • Fresh and novel ways of understanding and
    responding to such complex interplays must be
    fashioned if we are to move beyond the frameworks
    derived from an earlier, significantly different,
    social formation
  • (Vertovec 2010 90)

3
Multilingualism
  • Flexible bilingualism (Creese and Blackledge,
    2010)
  • Translanguaging (García, 2009)
  • Heteroglossia (Bakhtin, 1981 Bailey, 2007)
  • Truncated multilingualism (Blommaert 2010)
  • Polylingualism (Jørgensen 2010)
  • Plurilingualism (Canagarajah, 2009)
  • Codemeshing (Canagarajah, 2005)
  • Heterolingualism (Pratt 2010)
  • Metrolingualism (Pennycook 2010)

4
Heteroglossia
  • language use points to, or indexes a certain
    point of view, ideology, social class,
    profession, or other social position
  • is not about different languages, but is rather
    about the social tensions inherent in language
  • our speech is filled with the voices of others,
    as we evaluate, refute, celebrate, and affirm
    both those voices and the political/ideological
    positions represented by them

5
Language and identities
  • Through repetition, features of discursive
    behaviour are widely recognised, and acquire
    values that come to be seen as enduring social
    facts about signs. In such ways identities are
    produced and reproduced and in such ways
    emblematic features of belonging become
    naturalised (Agha 2007)

6
Developing pedagogies which reflect practice
  • What we need is a paradigm shift in language
    teaching. Pedagogy should be refashioned to
    accommodate the modes of communication and
    acquisition seen outside the classroom. . .
    (Canagarajah, 2009210)
  • we should put at the centre people as actors who
    signify differently by performing different
    language practices (García 2010532)
  • In the twenty-first century we are aware of the
    linguistic complexity of the world, in which
    monolingual schooling seems utterly
    inappropriate. Language differences are a
    resource, and bilingual education in all its
    complexity and forms seems to be the only way to
    educate as the world moves forward (García,
    200916)

7
  • AHRC/Humanities in the European Research Area
  • (HERA-JRP-CD-FP-051)
  • Investigating discourses of inheritance and
    identity in four multilingual European settings

8
Investigating discourses of inheritance and
identity in four multilingual European settings
  • Copenhagen Multilingual secondary school
  • Stockholm Bilingual Swedish-Spanish school
  • Bilingual Swedish-Finnish school
  • Tilburg/Eindhoven Chinese complementary schools
  • Birmingham Panjabi complementary school

9
Birmingham
  • Field notes of classroom observation
  • Audio-recording of students, teachers, teaching
    assistants
  • Video-recording of students, teachers, teaching
    assistants
  • Interviews with students, teachers, teaching
    assistants, administrators
  • Photographs
  • Documents
  • Events
  • Audio-recording of students and teaching
    assistants in family settings

10
  • Simran Ive never had lower than eighty percent
    in any test
  • Komal wait until you get to A Levels I got a U in
    my Latin test
  • Simran oh my god
  • Pavandeep you got a U in what?
  • Komal I didnt know any of it and I told her she
    was like you are gonna have to take it anyway I
    was like thats fine, me and someone else
  • Gurpal you get eighty percent in all these tests
    dont you, I bet you cant play Modern Warfare
    Two man
  • Pavandeep huh?
  • Gurpal bet you she doesnt know how to play
    Modern Warfare Two
  • Pavandeep obviously she doesnt
  • Simran shouts just cos, just cos you do
  • Komal oh oh and thats the more important of the
    two isnt it?
  • Simran shouts yeah just cos you do good in
    tests
  • Komal it doesnt matter if you cant get eighty
    percent in tests as long as you can play Modern
    Warfare Two
  • Gurpal being too educated is not good ok
  • Simran shouts no it helps no it helps
  • Gurpal listen Des Pardes Panjabi print
    newspaper, go to the back page, people are over
    thirty years old and they cant get married man
  • Simran shouts just cos youre
  • Pavandeep laughs
  • Simran shouts just cos youre

11
  • Komal sir how (.) you never actually told me
    properly sir how do you say it?
  • Gurpal say what?
  • Komal I never actually did any work
  • Gurpal why?
  • Komal we never actually did any work
  • Gurpal mair koi kam nahin kita ltI didnt do any
    workgt
  • Komal mair ltIgt
  • Sahib whats never?
  • Gurpal never?
  • Komal sings never say never
  • Sahib I know its numquam
  • Komal yeah umquam is ever numquam is never
    never ever (1) to Gurpal Latin

12
  • Sahib I dont know how to say never though
  • Prabhjot kabhi nahin ltnevergt
  • Komal its not Hindi
  • Prabhjot Hindi Hindi word but I just use it as
    Panjabi as well
  • Komal my mum does that as well
  • Prabhjot a dramatic word to say
  • Komal dramatically kabhi nahin kabhi nahin
    nahin ltnever never nogt
  • Sahib Star Plus
  • Komal yeah
  • Sahib Star Plus
  • Komal in a stylised Indian accent Star Plus
    you know

13
  • Prabhjot what you watchin? trailer for the
    film West is West is playing in the background
  • Shivani West is West
  • Prabhjot we should watch that
  • Shivani West is West? Im not (.) yeah
  • Prabhjot but you have to watch East is East
    first
  • Shivani I havent seen East is East
  • Sushil my mum and dad have
  • Prabhjot it was on the other day coughs It was
    on More4
  • Shivani well Im sorry if my Sky dish has
  • Prabhjot well only today it went off
  • Shivani laughs well whats East is East
    about?
  • Sushil him when hes little
  • Prabhjot its about Sajid when he was a kid
  • Shivani whos Sajid?
  • Prabhjot Sajids a boy
  • Shivani ha my supervisors names Sajid ha sorry
  • Prabhjot no and its about how erm the dads
    like a control freak and he wants em to be more
    Asian but theyre not theyre like typical
  • Shivani Westerners?
  • Prabhjot typical Angrezi ltEnglish peoplegt

14
  • Gopinder Selena Gomez got punched, like, she was
    coming out of (xxx)
  • Prabhjot they arent a good influence on kids
  • Pavandeep why? why?
  • Komal cos they were jealous it was like a
    massive Justin Bieber party (.)Im sorry, but
    they are such a cute couple, their babies are
    going to be so fit
  • Gopinder yeah, and they got in the car and she
    like broke down crying in his arms
  • Prabhjot all gunday ltdirtygt Hannah Montana, I
    would never let my kid watch that
  • Gopinder why?
  • Prabhjot have you seen how rude that girl is?
    Sahib laughs what was she doing at that awards
    ceremony?
  • Komal in front of the queen, in front of the
    Queen she was wearing hot pants and pole dancing,
    sorry but no, you dont do that in front of the
    Queen
  • Gopinder yeah, Demi Lovato was like self-harming
    and erm
  • Prabhjot and she takes drugs, that woman does
  • Guvraj Demi Lovato had to go to rehab
  • Prabhjot there you go
  • Komal I dont like Demi Lovato stylised African
    American accent she ugly
  • Gopinder theyre all pretty
  • Komal I dont think Demis pretty
  • Sahib Disney Channels racist as well, only
    goray ltwhite peoplegt on there, and a few kaalay
    ltblack peoplegt
  • Gopinder have you seen How to be Indie?
  • Sahib yeah they act goray ltlike white peoplegt as
    well. Actually theres an episode when they made
    jalebi ltsweet snackgt at home, the mums funny,
    and the baba ltgrandfathergt, hes got this remedy
    or something

15
  • Gurpal you went to the kitabghar ltlibrarygt as
    well
  • Komal did you?
  • Sahib I didnt go
  • Gurpal whatever, man
  • Sahib I didnt, I swear I didnt
  • Komal I went, I went three times
  • Sahib shouts I went to the gurdwara ltSikh
    templegt three days in a row
  • Komal did you have an Akhand Paath? lt48- hour
    continuous prayergt
  • Sahib and then I got constipation (xxx) days
  • Komal loud, mock-offence dude, dude
  • Sahib laughs
  • Komal I dont want to know about this
  • Sahib the rotiyaan ltchapattisgt are hard as rock,
    Im not even joking
  • Komal did you not make them?
  • Gurpal listen
  • Sahib no, at the gurdwara
  • Gurpal dont bad mouth the roti in the gurdwara,
    those rotiyaan are for people who dont get roti
  • Sahib yeah, seva ltselfless servicegt
  • Sahib no, cos theyre usually, theyre usually
    dank, theyre usually dank, theyre usually dank

16
  • Gurpal ok whats a mustachio?
  • Komal a moustache
  • Gurpal moonsh ltmoustachegt
  • Gopinder mooch mooch is a
  • Komal oh moonsh ltmoustachegt
  • Gurpal laughs
  • Komal moonsh moustache a mustachio whats a
    mustachio?
  • Gurpal to Gopinder not a pistachio
  • Gopinder I didnt say mus
  • Gurpal mustachio
  • Komal mustach
  • Gurpal laughs mustachio
  • Gopinder what is it?
  • Komal what language
  • Gopinder can you explain in English? no thats
    moochaa ltmoustachegt
  • Gurpal mustachio
  • Gopinder is that what Indian people say? No-one
    says mustachio
  • Gurpal mustachio
  • Komal laughs right

17
Heteroglossia as pedagogy and practice
  • beyond which language is in use, we can ask
    what signs are in use and action, what do these
    signs point to, what are the tensions and
    conflicts among those signs, and how are voices
    represented in them
  • a multilingual approach does not in itself
    guarantee critical engagement with localities,
    histories and identities
  • a heteroglossic orientation to language teaching
    incorporates multilingualism, and goes beyond it,
    to ensure that teachers can bring into play
    voices which index students localities, social
    histories, circumstances, and identities (Bailey
    2012)
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