??d??? ?e?d????

1
??d??? ?e?d????µ?a
Ta ?a??f???? ????? ?a?p?? ??t???d?? ?a?a??
f???ta ?a???fa?? e?d? ???? (78 ??tas?? ????
t?? ?p??????) ?spe??d?e?d? (6 ) ?p?t??p??? ?a?
µe???? ????a t??p??? gnanos_at_agr.uth.gr
//pomology.agr.uth.gr www.agr.uth.gr ????ast???a
? ?e?d????µ?a? ??a??µata
2
???S???, ???S???!!! 2

• St?? pa???s??se?? ??a ???e e?d?? p??
  pa???s???eta? st? µ???µa ?p???e? µ?a d?af??e?a µe
  s???pt??? ta ?????te?a s?µe?a ??a ???e e?d?? p??
  µpa????? s???? (?a? ??? p??ta!) st?? e?et?se??.
  Ft???te µ???? sa? t?? apa?t?se?? ?a? µ?? pa???ete
  t?? apa?t?se?? t?? ?????, ??at? µp??e? ?a ta
  ??a?a? ????? ?? ????? (??a ?a? ese??!). ?a? e??a?
  ap?? ?a??µ??a , p?? de? e?????µa? e??!

3
???p?? ?a??????e?a?- ?a???t?µ?e?

• ?a?ad?s?a?? ?a??????e?a ß???????? ?a??????e?a
• ????????µ??? f?t?p??stas?a (gt1960 ??a ???e ??a
  e???? ? as???e?a)
• ????????µ??? d?a?e???s? µ?a? ?a??????e?a?
  (?p????a? ????s?st?µa ??a a??????deta)
• ?????? p?st?p???s?? (apa?t?se?? ?ata?a??t? ?a?
  ??a??p???t?, eµp????? p??t?pa), ??µ?? (?????
  ?e??????? p?a?t????), ß???????? (??µ??,
  ep?d?t?s?)
• Ge????a ????ße?a? efa?µ??? µetaß??t?? d?se??
• ?????s? ?????? ???? ap?t?p?µa C, e????e?a, a???a
  ?e?µ???p???, p?st?p???s? ?a? ße?t??s? d?ad??as???

4
?µ??da???

• Prunus dulcis.
• ?a?a???? a????eta? st?? ??sµ? µe ??? gt600000
  t?????? ?a? pe??p?? 70 t?? pa???sµ?a? eµp??????
  pa?a?????. ?et? ?spa??a, ??????a. ? ????da lt20000
  t?????? ???a. ?? 1 t?? pa???sµ?a? pa?a????? st?
  Tessa??a.
• ?a?a??????t?ta st?? ????da pe??p?? 5-15 ???? ???a
  t? d??t?? ? 300-500 ???? ?spasta / st?. ??de?s?
  a????e? p??? t?? pa?a????.
• St?? ????da ?a???e??e?ta? st? Tessa??a ?a? Ste?e?
  ????da ?a? ????te?? se ?e?µ?? pe?????? t??
  ???e?a? ????da?.

5
???????e? aµ??da???? st?? ????da

• Ferragnes ??a ?ata????s? sa? ????? ?a?p??,
  µe???? ???a, pa?a?????? d??t?? (gt34 ????da?).
• Ferraduel ep?????ast?? t?? a??t???, ?a?? µ??e???
  ???a? ?a? pa?a????, pa?e??a?t?f???a.
• Texas pa?a??????, ??a µetap???s?, µ???? ???a,
  p??ß??µata ?a?p?pt?s?? (lt54 ????da?).
• Truoito ep?????ast?? t?? a??t???, pa?a??????,
  µe???? a?t?????µ?, e?a?s??t? se µ?????a ?a?
  e???t?µ?.
• Tuono ?ta???? pa???, epe?te??eta?, ????st? a??µa
• ??e? ?spa????? ????st? s?µpe??f??? st? ????da

6
?p??e?µe?a

• G?a t?? aµ??da??? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ap???e?st???
  ??? p??t???? sp???f?ta aµ??da???? (a??e?t??? se
  asß?st?? ?a? ???as?a, e?a?s??t? se edaf??e?e??
  as???e?e? ?a? ??µat?de??) ?a? eµß???asµ?? t??
  p??????a? µe e??f?a?µ?sµ? ????? ?a?.
• ???a ???s?µ?p??e?ta? p??? t? GF677, ?at?????? ??a
  epa?af?te?se?? aµ??da?e????, ????? ?a?
  pa?a??????. ?? ?p??e?µe?? pa???eta? µe ????? t???
  t??p??? a?????a t? µ??e??? ?a? ep?ped? t??
  f?t????? (?e?µe???? ?a? ?e???? µ?s?e?µata,
  ?st??a??????e?a).
• ??a??s?µa st? µ????? GN22 (?) ?a? RootPac40
  (?µ?????) ? ???a a?t?st???a ?µ????a ? ???a.

7
F?t???a?? pa?a????

• Non infectious bud failure ?at? t?? a??pt???
  t??? pa?a?????? d??t?a pa???s?????? fa???µe?a
  ?p?? ?????s? t?? p?a???? ?f?a?µ??, ??? ????te?
  ?a? µ? d?asta???s? t?? ??ad?s???.
• ?fe??eta? se ?f?a?µ? ?at? t?? eµß????????a ap?
  d??t?? p?? pa???s???e? ta s?µpt?µata ?a? a?t??
  d?????e ?????? ?e?µ???as?e? t?? ??????.
• ?p?f??? eµß????????a t? ???? ap? µ?t???? p?? de?
  ????? s?µpt?µata, ??at????ta? s??e??? ?ea???? ?a?
  eµß???asµ?? t?? ?????? ??a ?µ?a?ept??µ??a f?t? µe
  p???s? t?? ??t?ß???.

8
F?s??????a aµ??da????

• ????s? st??? et?s???? ß?ast??? ?a? ????a se
  ????te? (?a?p?f????? ??a a??et? ?t?) t???
  Feß???a???? - µ?sa ?a?t??? (????e? ap? µ?sa
  ?a???a????). ???? µ?????.
• ?pa?t???ta? ??? 50 t?? d??t??? sa? ep?????ast??
  t?? ????a? p??????a?. ?a??te?? ?a?p?des? µe
  e?a???? ta d??t?a t?? p???????? p??? st? ??aµµ?
  a??? d?s???? ? s????µ?d?.
• ?pa?te?ta? ?a?p?des? gt30 t?? a?????.

9
?? ß?????e t? 2014 ?ta? ?p?????? ?a?
????e? µ???sse?, ?? ?µe?e? e??a? p??
ap?te?esµat???? st?? ep?????as?! ?a t? s?µa??e?
ß??p??????t?ta!
10
F?s??????a aµ??da???? s????e?a

• ?e??µ??? ?a?p?des? ????? ep?????ast?? ?
  a?at???????, ???e? ? ad??aµe? ?????e? µe
  µ???sse?, ?a??? ?a???? (ß?????-????, µ???sse?,
  µ?????a-, d??at?? ??eµ??, ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as?e?,
  pa?et??), a?at?????a µ???t??t??a.
• ????? d?p?? aµ??da?a ???pt??? ?a? ????µ?-p???s?
  t?? d?? spe?µ?ß?ast?? ???? p??? ?aµ????
  ?e?µ???as??? t??? µ??e? ??e-?a? (d?aµ??f?s? t??
  a???f???? ?f?a?µ??).

11
???µat???? apa?t?se??

• ?a?et?? t? ???t?? (lt-3 C ), ??µ?? sta ???? ?a?
  ?a?p?d?a.
• ?pa?t??? ????? t? ?e?µ??a pe??p?? 250-300 h.
• ??af??et??? a?t??? se ???as?a ?a? ?????? ?e?????
  ?e?µ???as?e? (Ferragnes, apa?te? ?e?? ?a? d??s??
  t?? ??????, f?t?s????te? ?a?? ?a? ???µ??e?
  p???µa, e?? Texas µe???e? ?e?t?????e? t?
  ?a???a??? ?a? de? ???s?µ?p??e? ap?te?esµat??? t?
  ?e?? ?a? ?).
• ???? ??????, p???? p??ß??µata µe µ?????a st??
  e?a?s??te? p??????e? (Truoito, Ferragnes).
• ??t??e? asß?st?? t?? ed?f???.

12
??pa?s?

• St? ?. ????a?? 1 ???? ? t? d??t?? t???? ?e?µ??a.
  ??? ap?te?esµat??? ????te?? ? (pe??p?? µ?s? ????
  t? d??t??) ap? ?p????? ??? µetas???e?t??? t?
  Sept?µß??? se 3-5 d?se??. ?pa?te? p??? t??
  ?p????? - ???? ??a ß??st?s? ?a? a????? a??pt???
  ?a?p?? ?a? p??? t?? ?????? - ?????st? af?? t?te
  ?eµ??e? ? ???a.
• St? ?. ????a??, f????d?a???st???? s?ed?? ??a ta
  ????f?a ep???e?a ?, ?pe?ep???e?a ?, Ca, Fe ?a?
  Mg, ???a?? ???e??? ?.
• ??af?????? efa?µ??? ? ?a? ????a? µetas???e?t???
  t? Sept?µß???-??t?ß??? a???se pa?a???? t??
  ep?µe?? ??????.

13
??pa?s?, ?p?????sµ??

• ?? p??µe ?t? apa?t???ta? ??? 1 kg N, 0,5 kg P, 1
  kg K a?? d??t?? ?a? ?t??
• ?a?a???? 10 kg ???a t? d??t?? (??? p??ta!)
• ??st?? ??pasµ?t?? 16-20-0 (0,44 /kg), ??t????
  aµµ???a (0,33 /kg), ?e???? ????? (0,6 /kg),
  11-15-15 (0,5 /kg)
• ???pe? ?a efa?µ?st??? 2,5 kg 16-20-0, 2 kg
  ??t???? aµµ, 2 kg ?e???? ?, ??a s??????? ??st??
  3,1 /d??t?? ?a? ?t??
• ??a??a?t??? 6 kg 11-15-15 ?a? 1 kg ??t????
  aµµ???a, ??a s??????? ??st?? 3,3 /d??t?? ?a? ?t??

14
??de?s?

• ? st??d?? ??de?s? a????e? t?? pa?a???? ?a? t??
  p???t?ta t?? ???a? se s??s? µe ??? ??de?s?.
• ??de?s? st? 85 t?? e?atµ?s?d?ap???? t?? ??????
  ?????st? ?a? a??µa pe??ss?te?? ??? t?? ??????,
  µe??se t? ß??st?s? (µ???? d??t?a, p?? p????
  f?te?s?), a???se t?? p????t?ta ?a?p?f???a? ?a?
  µe??se t? µ??e??? t?? ???a?. ?e???? a???se t??
  pa?a????, µe??se t? ???deµa (????µ? ??ade?t????),
  µe??se t? s???? st?? atµ?sfa??a ?a??? ?? ?a?p??
  st?????a? p??? st? d??t?? ?a? µp????sa? ?a
  s????µ?st??? ?ate??e?a? se pa???, ?ta? ?a? p??
  ?a?a??? ap? ??µ??? (p??t???a, µ??µ????a, ßa?t???a
  ed?f???).

15
???deµa - ??aµ??f?s?

• ???deµa ap? ??t?ß??? (?a??te?a) ??? ?a???????.
  ?pa?e??e??, ??ad????a??, d?at???s? ????? st?
  apa?t??µe??.
• ?p?st?se?? f?te?s?? 6 6-7 µ se tet?????a.
• ??aµ??f?s? ??µ?? pa?t?? se ??pe???.
• ???? ap? 80 cm ???µ? ??a d???s?!
• ?p??p???e? f?te?se?? (2 µ 5 µ) a???? µe
  ?µ????? ?p??e?µe?? RootPac40, µ??a???? s????µ?d?
  ?a? ???deµa.
• ?pa?te?ta? s?????? f?te?s? ??? 50 ep?????ast??
  e?t?? ap? a?t?????µe?.

16
??????a

• ?a??te?a ???a????t???a p??? st? ??aµµ? ?a? ??p??
  µeta?? t?? ??aµµ??.
• G?a p??stas?a ?f???µ?? e?t?µ?? ??p? ???e f???
  a?? de?te?? se???, pe??????a µe ????a ß??st?s?,
  ????? ??pa?s? ß???? (apa?te? ?e?? a??? pa???e?
  ???t?!) ? µ??µat?? ?a? ?????d?? ??a p?t?µa t??
  f?t?? (sp????p???s?, ??e??? ???a????, ???a????
  ??s?a, ?.?p.).
• G?a µ??a???? s????µ?d? µ?sa ?????st?? µet? t??
  te?e?ta?a ??de?s? ?atast??f? ???a???? µe
  ???a????t??a ? ?a???e???t? ?a? ?s?p?d?s?.

17
S????µ?d?

• O??µa?s? ap? t??? ?????st?? (Ferragnes) ??? µ?sa
  Septeµß???? (Texas).
• S????µ?d? ?ta? a????e? t? pe?????p?? (µe p?es?
  a??µesa sta d??t??a) (?a??f????a) ? ?ta?
  ???a??eta? µe???? t? pe?????p?? (????da). ????µ?
  s????µ?d? ??p?? ße?t??µ??? p???t?ta.
• S????µ?d? st?? ????da st??s?µ? ????tse? ??t? ap?
  ???e d??t?? ?a? ??ßd?sµa t?? ??ad?s??? ??a
  ap??????s? t?? ?a?p??, s?????? ap? ????tse? se
  ts??ß???a, ap?f????s? (afa??es? pe???a?p???) t??
  ?d?a µ??a ?a? ?p??µa ??a st????µa st?? ???? ?
  s???.

18
S????µ?d?

• S????µ?d? st?? ?a??f????a ?a? ?p?? ???eta?
  µ??a???? s????µ?d? ?at a???? ?s?p?d?s? -
  ?a?a??sµ?? ed?f???, µe t?? ??a??? s??s?µat?? t??
  pe???a?p??? efa?µ??? Ethephon ?a? se 5-7 ?µ??e?
  d???s? ?a? ?? ?a?p?? st? ?daf??. ?f????ta? ?a
  ste???s??? ???e? ?µ??e? ?a? µet? s???pa se s?????
  ?at? µ???? ?a? ap????f?t??a? ??a s?????? ap?
  ?daf??. ?µes? ap?f????s?, pe?a?t??? st????µa ?a?
  ap????e?s? se ?at?????e? ?e?µ???as?e?.

19
S?s?e?as?a- S??t???s?

• ???f??a p?????ta ap? t?? ???a aµ??d????. ???? ?
  µetap???µ??? µe d??f????? t??p??? ???a ??e? µ????
  d????e?a ????.
• ?? aµ??da?? µ?sa st? e?d????p?? d?at??e?ta? ??a
  ??? 1 ?t?? ????? ?p?ß??µ?s? t?? p???t?ta?. ??????
  ? ???a apa?te? ???? ??a d?at???s? p??? ap? ??????
  µ??e? ? se ?e?? a??a ? se ???t? ? se ?at?????.

20
?s???e?e?

• Monilia, ??µ???e? ????, ?ea???? ß?ast??? ??? ?a?
  µe?a??te??? ?????a? ß?ast???.
• ?????e? sa? t??pe? ap? s????a se f???a ?a?
  ????de? se ß?ast???.
• S????as? se ???e? pa???? p??????e?.
• ????st??µa ?asta??????e? ????de? sta f???a,
  a??e?t???? ?? Ferragnes, Texas.

21
??????

• ????t?µ? d?a?e?µ??e? se p??sßeß??µ????? ap? t??
  p??????µe?? ?????? ?a?p??? p??? ? ??t? ap? ta
  d??t?a. ?ts? afa??es? t?? µ??µ??p???µ???? ?a?p??
  se µ?a pe????? e?a??st?p??e? t? µ???sµa.
  ???sß??e? ta ?a?p?d?a pe?? t?? ?p????? ?ta? ?a?
  ep?ß?????ta? ?e?asµ?? a?????a t?? ep??? e??d??
  t?? e???????.
• ?a? tet??????? ?a? ?????e?d? se d?ata?a?µ??a
  a????t?µata. ?a? ?????? se ?s????p?µ??a!

22
S???pt??? ??a t?? aµ??da???

• ???????e? ??a ???? ?a?p? ? ??a µetap???s? (?a?
  ep?????ast??), d?af???? µeta?? p????????
• ?p??e?µe?a
• ?? pa?as?t??? ap??e?a ?f?a?µ??
• ???pt??? ?a?p??
• ??p?? aµ??da?a, µe??µ??? pa?a????
• ?????????? ??pa?s? µe ? ?a? ?
• ?????????? ??de?s?
• ??????a, e???t?µ?

23
?a??d??

• ??e? ?? ?a???e????µe?e? p??????e? ap? Juglans
  regia. St?? ?a??f????a ?? J. nigra ?a? ????a ? J.
  hindsii µ??? ??a ?p??e?µe?? ?a? ?ß??d?a.
• ?e???? pa?a???? se ??? (gt40 t?? pa???sµ?a?
  pa?a?????). ????da pe??p?? 2,2 e?at. d??t?a ?a?
  21000 t????? ?a??d?a ???a (5? pa???sµ???).
  ?p?d?t??µe?? f?te?s? p???? ?????a a??? ??? a???s?
  d??t??? ? pa?a????? t? de?aet?a t?? 90. ?et? t?
  2008 22000 t????
• St?? ????da ?a???e??e?ta? se p???? µ???????µata
  ap? ?est? pa?a?a??ss?a ??? ??e??? ?pe???t???.
• ?a?a??????t?ta ????da 400-600 ???? ?spast?/st?

24
???????e? t?? ?a??d???

• ?? pe??ss?te?e? p??????e? ap? t?? ?a??f????a µe
  ep????? ??a p?a????a?p?a, µ??e??? d??t???,
  p???t?ta ?a?p??, pa?a??????t?ta ?a? ???µat????
  apa?t?se??.
• ?????a?p?a ?a? p?a????a?p?a. ??????? ?a? d???????
  d??t??. ???ta?d??a - p??t?????a - ?µ??aµ?a.
  ????µa??e?? - µ?s?? ep???? ????s?? - ???µa??e??

25
???????e? t?? ?a??d???

• Franquette pa??? ?a????? p??????a, µe????
  d??t??, ???? pa?a??????, ??a ??e???? pe?????? ?a?
  ep?????as?
• Hartley ap? t?? ????e? ?a??f???????e? p???., ???
  p?a????a?p?a, µe???? d??t??, ???st? ?a??d?.
• Chandler ? ?a??te?? se p???t?ta ?a? pa?a????,
  p?a????a?pe?. ?p??. Vina, Franquette.
• ???e? p?a????a?p??se? p??? ep??tas? Vina, ?????a
  ?a? Pedro (a?????ep?????????ta? ??a pe?????? µe
  ?????? pa?et???) ?a? Amigo, Gustine (??a ?e?µ??
  pe??????).
• G?a p???? (hedgerow) Chico, Vina (?? d??
  ßa?t????), ?????a

26
(No Transcript)
27
?p??e?µe?a - ????ap?as?asµ??

• G?a t?? ?a??d?? st?? ????da µ??? eµß???asµ? se
  sp???f?t? ?a??d??? J. regia.
• ? sp???? st? ?daf?? f?t????? ap? t? F????p???
  (p??s??? ???d??e?e? ap? ?????s? ?ta? af?dat??e?),
  f?t???e? t? ???t??, t? sp???f?t? a?apt?sseta? ???
  t? ?t??. ??? ep?µe?? ?????? ?a?ae?ß?ast??e? ?a?
  t?? ???? ???eta? p?a??t?? eµß???asµ?? µe eµß???a
  d?at???µ??a st? ???e?? ap? t? ???t??. ??s?st?
  ep?t???a? s???? ??? ?????. ?a? µ???? a??pt???
  eµß????? 1-2 ?t?. G? a?t? a???ß? f?t?.

28
F?s??????a ?a??d???

• ??se????? a???ta??e? (??????) ap? p???????
  ?f?a?µ??? et?s??? ß?ast??. ?µfa?e?? ap? t?
  p??????µe?? ?a???a???.
• ?a ?????? ???? st?? ????f? µ????? ß?ast?? p??
  µ???? e?pt?????a? t?? ?????? ap? ????fa?? ? ?a?
  ap? p??????? ?f?a?µ???. ???. ??p???? a??a???
  ?f?a?µ?? d????? µe???? et?s?? ß?ast? p?? ?a
  a?apt?sseta? ??? t? ?a???a??? ?a? ?? pe??ss?te???
  µ?????? a???f????? ß?ast???. ?s? pe??ss?te???
  p?????? ?a?p?f?????, t?s? ????te?? ß??st?s? ?a?
  µ????te?? d??t??, µe?a??te?? pa?a???? ?a? p??
  ??????a ap? t? f?te?s? se pa?a????.

29
F?s??????a ?a??d??? s????e?a

• ?a?????? st?? ????f? ???e a???f???? ??ad?s??? 1-2
  ?????? ????. ???pe? ?a ?a?p?d?s??? ta pe??ss?te?a
  ??a ??a??p???t??? pa?a????.
• ???? d?af??et??? ep??? ???µa ta a?se???? ap? ta
  ?????? se ???e p??????a ?a? pa?eµp?d??eta? ?ts? ?
  a?t?????µ?p???s?.
• ?pa?t???ta? ?at??????? ep?????ast?? µe ????µ?
  ???? ?a ????µ?p??e? ta ?????? t?? ????a?
  p??????a?.

30
???µat???? apa?t?se??

• ?a?et?? t?? ?????? (lt-3 C ) ??µ?? st???
  a???f????? ?ea???? ß?ast??? (a?????a t?? ep???
  ??pt???? ???e p??????a?).
• ?a?et?? ?e?µ??a ??µ?????? se ?e?µ. lt-9C. ??
  ?e??µß??? 2001 µe -23C p???sa? ??a ta ß?ast???
  µ??? t?? d??t??? (?f?a?µ??, ß?ast??, ???µ??) st?
  Tessa??a a??? ap? ???ta?? pa?e???µat??? ??tta?a
  ?a?aß??st?sa? ta pe??ss?te?a d??t?a.
• ?pa?t?se?? se ????? t? ?e?µ??a ??a ?µa?? ????s?
  ap? ???e? ??? p????? ??e? a?????a t?? p??????a.

31
???µat???? apa?t?se?? s????e?a

• ???as?a ?a? ??st? p???a???? ??a?s? t??
  ßa?t???a??? ??????.
• ???as?e? ???t? st? s????µ?d? ?p?ßa?µ????? t??
  p???t?ta t?? ?a??d??? (????asµa e?d??a?p??? ?a?
  s??te???? ???µat?? ???a, s??e?? ???a?).
• ?????? ?e????? ?e?µ???as?e? (gt38C) p???a???? ?a?
  ?????aµa µe ?p?ß??µ?s? ???µat?? ?a? ?e?s?? t??
  ???a?.
• ?pa?t???ta? ßa??? ed?f? ?a??? t? ?????? s?st?µa
  e??a? µe????.

32
??de?s?

• ? ?a??d?? se e?tat????? ?p????e? p??pe? ?a
  a?de?eta? ??a ?a?? p???t?ta ?a?p?? ?a? ??e?
  µe???e? a????e? se ?e??. ?? e?tat???? µ??f??
  ??e???? ?a??de??e? de? a?de???ta?.
• ? ??de?s? µp??e? ?a ???e? µe a?t?µat? s?st?µa
  at?µ???? µpe? ? µe sta???e? (ep?d?te?ta? st??
  ????da). G?a ?p?ß????s? t?? µ??a????? s????µ?d??
  ?a? e???????µ?s? ?e??? ? ?p??e?a ??de?s?
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? st?? ?a??f????a.

33
???deµa - ??aµ??f?s?

• ???deµa t? ?e?µ??a. ?pa?e??e??, ??ad????a??. Se
  ?a??f????a ?a? µ??a???? µ?sa ??a ???deµa.
• ?p?st?se?? f?te?s?? 8-12 8-12 µ se tet?????a (7
  ??? 16 d??t?a t? st??µµa).
• St?? ????da d?aµ??f?s? ??µ?? se ??pe???.
  ?a??f????a t??p?p???µ??? ?e?t???? ????a (??a
  µ??a???? s????µ?d?) ?a? f?t?f???t? (µe µ??a????
  ???deµa).
• ?pa?te?ta? f?te?s? ??? 30 ep?????ast??.

34
?a?a??????t?ta

• ?p? t? 5? ?t?? ??? 250 ???? t? st??µµa
• Se ß???? ?a? ft??? ed?f?- ?a?? pe??p???s?, ???
  200 ???? t? st??µµa ta ???µa d??t?a (gt10 et??)
• Se ????µa ed?f? ?a? ?a?? f???t?da 650-750 ????
  st? st??µµa (?spasta ß?ßa?a ?a? t?µ? gt2-3 e??? t?
  ????)
• ? ???a ???d????? sta 8-10 e???

35
S????µ?d?

• O??µa?s? ap? µ?sa Septeµß???? ??? ??t?ß???
  a?????a t?? p??????a. ?ta? t? pe?????p?? a????e?
  ?a d?a??????eta?.
• St?? ????da ep?p??? µe ta ????a ?p?? ?a? ta
  aµ??da?a.
• St?? ?a??f????a s????µ?d? µe µ??a???? µ?sa
  p??et??µas?a t?? ed?f???, Ethephon, d???s?, ?µes?
  s?????? ?a? ap?f????s? (a????? ?????a?µa ?a?
  ????asµa), ?µesa µ??a???? st????µa ?a? ap????e?s?.

36
???? ???a?s? ?a??d???
?p????a?s? st??? 36 C ??a 24 ??e? µe ??? a??a
sta 1500 m3 h-1 ??? te???? ???as?a 5-5,5
37
T?ept??? S?stas?- S??t???s?

• ?a ?a??d?a pe??????? 18 ?dat????a?e?, 14
  p??te??e? ?a? 62 ??p? (µe 23 a?t?? sa? e?a???
  ?a? 64 p???a???esta), e?? ta aµ??da?a 20
  ?dat????a?e?, 20 p??te??e? ?a? 55 ??p? (µe 65
  a?t?? sa? e?a??? ?a? 21 p???a???esta).
• ?? ?a??d? p?? f?a?t? ap? aµ??da?? ??at? pe????e?
  p???? p???a???esta, p?? asta?? ap? e?a??? ???
  (?a? ta????e?).
• ??at?????? ? p??? µa??? s??t???s? ????? ?a?p??
  t????sµa ?a? a??pt??? µ???t?? ??sµ??-??e?st??-a??a
  t?? p?? pa?????? af?at????e?.
• ?e?e?ta?a a???? ?a? ??a ??p? a????µ? ???a.

38
?s???e?e?

• Walnut blight, ßa?t????, p??sß??e? f???a ?a?
  ?ea???? ß?ast???.
• ?s???e?e? ed?f???, p?????.

39
??????

• ?a?p??a?a, p??sß??? ?a?p??, t? ?????te??
  p??ß??µa.
• ?f?de?, tet??????? s???? p??ß??µa.
• ?????e?d? ?a? ????f??a.

40
S???pt??? ??a t?? ?a??d??

• ???????e? ?at?????e? ??a ?e?µ?? ped???? pe??????
  ?a? ??a p?? ????µe? d??se??? pe??????
• ?a?a???? e??? f?t?? ?a??d???
• ?? e??a? µ??????d???????, p??ta?d??a, ?.?p.
  (a???f???a st?? ?a??d??)
• ???ß??µata ap? ?a?????? s?????e?
• ???a???? s????µ?d? t? pe???aµß??e? ??? t?
  s??t???s?
• ?a?a??????t?ta ?a??d???

41
?e???

• ?a???e??e?ta? st?? ??t?e? ??? ?p?? ?a? f?eta?
  ?????. ??st?µ?? ????? ?a?p??, p??? µa?a??
  e?d????p??. ??apt?sseta? ??a??p???t??? st??
  ????da ap? t? Tessa??a ?a? ??t?a.
• Ta ????e ?a d?ad??e? ?a??? ?a d?af???p?????ta?
  ap? ta ?a??d?a ?a? se eµf???s? ?a? se ?e?s?.
• ???????e? d?a??s?µe? st?? ????da Mohoc, Wichita,
  Burton, Stewart, Desirable.

42
F?st????

• F?st??? ?e??f?t? ?a? f?st??? a??p???.
• ?a?a???? st?? ??sµ? ???? (gt300000), ?a??f????a
  (53000), ??????a (85000) ?a? ?es??e???. ????da
  F???t?da, ???a?a
• ????da ?t?? ???t?a ?a?a????
• ____ (???) (???. t?????)
• 1970 400 0,7
• 1980 800 2
• 1991 1000 6
• 1000 7,5
• 2000-09 6.5-10

??s? pa?a???? ????da? 400-800 kg µe ????f??/
2et?a t? st??µµa
43
???????e? f?st?????

• ?????? e?d??. T????? ??????? (??s. ?????? G ?
  Chico), ???t???, Kerman (a?s. Peters), Sfax.
• ?a???e????µe?e? p??????e? ap? Pistacia vera. ????
  ???t??? µast??a P. lentiscus. ????? st?? ????da
  t? P. terebinthus, sp???f?ta (t?? ????)
  ???s?µ?p????-?ta? ??a p???ap?as?asµ? t?? f?t?? (
  eµß???asµ? p??????a?) (a??? a??pt???, apa?te?
  t??et?a ?a? µetaf?te?s? µe µp??a ??µat??). ??st??
  18 e??? t? f?t?
• ???a ?p??e?µe?a st?? ??sµ? µe ?a??
  ?a?a?t???st?-?? P. atlantica, P. integerrima.

44
F?s??????a f?st?????

• ????s? µet? t? 5? ?t?? ap? t? f?te?s? sta p????a
  ß?ast?? e??? ?t??? t??? ?a?t???-?p?????.
• ???? se ta??a???a s???et?? ß?t???. ???t?? d?????,
  f?te?s? 1 a?se???? ???e 7-9 ??????.

45
F?s??????a f?st?????

• ???pt??? pe???a?p??? ?a? e?d??a?p??? ??? t??
  ?????? st? te???? µ??e???. ??? t?te t? sp??µa
  e??a? s?ed?? a??pa??t? (a?apt?ss??ta? ?a? ta
  a????µ?-p???ta ???? a??? pa?aµ????? ???f?a).
• ?p? t?? ?????? a?apt?sseta? ?a? t? sp??µa t?
  ?p??? apa?te? te??st?e? p?s?t?te? ??ept???? ?a?
  ??? t? d??t?? pa???e? ??a ta sp??µata.
• O??µa?s? t? Sept?µß???. ???ta s??s?µ? t?
  pe????-?p?? ?a? µet? s??s?µ? t? e?d????p??.

46
F?s??????a f?st????? s????e?a

• ?a??????a µe t? ??µ?sµa t?? sp??µat?? a????e? ?
  ?f?a?µ?pt?s? t?? p?????? ?f?a?µ?? t??
  ?e?e?pt?????ta ß?ast?? - p????tas? t??
  ?a?p?f?????ta ß?ast?? (???????-?????st??)
  (??????????F????). ?a??????a ?a? eµf???s?
  s?µpt?µ?t?? t??f?pe???? ap? ?, ? se f???a ??? ?a?
  f????pt?s?.
• ??t?µet?p?s? p???? ??e??a ??a 30 ?????a ??a
  ?ata???s? t?? p??ß??µat??, ??t??????e? ?a?
  ??ßße?????e?, µ??a???? ???deµa, ?s????p?µ???
  ??pa?s? ?a? ??de?s?.

47
?f?a?µ??
48
???µat???? apa?t?se??

• ??? ??µ??? ap? pa?et???. ?????? apa?t?se?? se
  ?e?µe???? ????? (??????? 700h, Kerman gt800h).
  ?pa?te? ???? ?????? ?a? ?a???a??? a?????
  as???e?e? f????µat??.
• ??apt?sseta? se ??a ta ed?f? (?a? ????a,
  asßest?d?) ?a? se ???as?a a??? ?a?p?f??e? p??
  ???? ?a? p?? sp???a, t? p?? a??e?t??? e?d??.
• ?????? ap?d?se?? (?a? µ??e???-p???t?ta ?a?
  ?????µa e?d??a?p???) µ??? µe ??de?s? ?a? p???s?a
  ??pa?s?.

49
??pa?s?

• St??? ???????? ?, ?, ? t???? ?e?µ??a a?????a t??
  a?aµe??µe?? pa?a???? ?a? p??? pe??ss?te?? st??
  ???????.
• Sta a?de??µe?a ????f?a d?p??s?a p?s?t?ta
  ??p?sµat?? ap? ?t? sta ?????? µe t? µ?s? p?s?t?ta
  t??? ?e?µ??a a?e???t?ta t?? a?aµe??µe???
  ?a?p?f???a?. ? ???? d?s? µ??? se ?a?p?f?????ta
  d??t?a t?? ?????? µe t?? ??de?s? ??e? sa?
  ap?t??esµa t?? ap????f?s? ?a? ???s? t?? st???e???
  (????a N, K) ap? t? sp??µa ?a? d?at???s? a??et??
  ?f?a?µ?? ??a t?? ?a?p?f???a t?? ep?µe??? ???????.

50
???deµa - ??aµ??f?s?

• ???deµa t? ?e?µ??a, e????st?.
• ?p?st?se?? f?te?s?? 6-7µ 6-7µ se tet?????a.
• ??aµ??f?s? ??µ?? pa?t?? se a????t? ??pe???.
• ?pa?te?ta? s?????? f?te?s? 1 a?se???? ??a ???e
  6-8 ?????? se tet?????a, ??µß??? ? ??aµµ??.

51
S????µ?d?

• 1 µ??a p??? t?? ???µa?s? a????e? ?a ???µat??eta?
  t? pe?????p??. ???????e? t? s??s?µ? t??
  e?d??a-?p???. ??a p?s?st? t?? f?st????? pa?aµ??e?
  µe ??e?st? e?d????p?? ?a? e??a? s?ßa??
  µe?????t?µa.
• ?? ?a?p?? µe a????t? e?d????p?? ep??e??eta? ap?
  t?? ??de?s? - ??pa?s?, ????? ???µa?s?? (ta p???µa
  ??? ??e?st?), as???e?e? ?a? ????st???
  f?s??????????-???µat????? pa?????te?.
• S????µ?d? se 2-3 ????a µe ?t?p?µa t?? ???d??
  ?a? s?????? se ????tse?. ?µ?s?? ap?f????s? se
  µ??a??? pa???s?a ?e??? (??? ????asµa ?a?
  ep?p????? ?? ???f???) ?a? st????µa st?? ????.

52
?s???e?e?

• ?aµa??sp???? p??sß??e? f???a, ?a?p???, ß?ast???.
  ???a??stata? ?a? de? µp??e? ?a ?atap??eµ??e?.
• Sept???a p??sß??e? f???a ?a? p???a?e?
  f????pt?s?.
• ?d??µ???se?? se ???? ed?f?, Verticillium,
  Fusarium, Armillaria, Roselinia.
• ?a? Botrytis, Botryosphaeria dothidea.

53
??????

• ????? p???a???? ??µ??? sta f???a a??? ????a st??
  ?a?p? ????t?µ?, ß??µ??se?, t?????a?p??,
  ?????e?d?, ?.?p.

54
?a???t?µ?e?

• ?e??s? t?? a??pt???? t?? Aspergillus ?a? t??
  pa?a????? af?at?????? st?? ?a??f????a µe
  e??at?stas? st? ????f? a?ta????st?? f???? t??
  Aspergillus p?? de? pa?????? af?at????e? (a??µa
  ??a? ?????a? p?? d??p?e?e st? e??te????)

55
S???pt??? ??a t? f?st????

• ???????e? d?a??s?µe? st?? ????da, ?p??e?µe?a,
  p???ap?as?asµ??, e??at?stas? ?p????a
• ?a?e??a?t?f???a t? e??a? ?a? p?? t??
  a?t?µet?p????µe
• ???ste? te?????? ??a pa?a???? se e?tat???
  a?de??µe?? f?st??e??a
• S????µ?d? ?a? µe??s? t?? µ????s?? t?? ?a?p?? µe
  af?at????e?

56
Kasta???

• ?a???sµ?a pa?a???? pe?? t??? 550000 t??????.
• ????a pa???eta? st?? ?p? ??at??? ?a? ?es??e??.
• ??e???? ??t?s? µe?a??te?? t?? pa?a?????!!!
• ?p?d?te?ta? ? f?te?s? st?? ????da a??? ? pa?a????
  12500-21500 t????? (2000-04)
• ?a???e????µe?a e?d? Castanea sativa (????p?), C.
  dentata (?µe????), C. mollissima (????????), C.
  crenata (?ap?????).
• ?a?????a ?ta? 1 ??sta??/?as?da. St?? ????p? ap?
  cvs C. sativa ? C. sativaC. crenata.

57
???????e? ?asta????

• ???f??e? se ???e ???a.
• ????da ??????, ??a????sta?a ???t??.
• ??e??a ?a? p??????e? ap? ?ta??a ?a? Ga???a.
  ?????? ap? t?? ?e????? ?ß??d?a µe ?ap????? ?a?
  ?at?????e? ??a µetap???s?
• ????ap?as?asµ?? t?p??? ap? pa?af??de?, e?? ??
  d?e??e?? p??????e? p?? e??a? a??e?t???? st??
  as???e?e? e?te a?t?????e? (pa?af??de?) e?te
  eµß???asµ? p??????a? se a??e?t??? ?p??e?µe??.

58
??ta???? ?asta????

• ???? µe???? d??t?? (??? 30µ ????) a??? as?at???
  µ????te?a.
• ??????? ?a? d???????. ?pa?te? sta??ep?????as?.
• ?a?p?? µ?sa se a??a??t? ?as?da ? ?p??a s???eta?
  t?? ??t?ß??? ?a? p?ft??? tµ?µat??? ?? ???µ??
  ?a?p?? st? ?daf??.
• ? ?asta??? a?apt?sseta? ?a?? se ???µet?? p??? ap?
  500µ a??? as?at???? p??e ?a?? ?a? p??? ?aµ??? (??
  te?e?ta?e? apa?t??? ????µ? ?daf?? ?a? ??de?s?).
• ?daf?? ??? asß?st??, pH 6.0-6.5.

59
?a???e???t???? f???t?de?

• ?pa?te?ta? µ?t??a ??pa?s?, ????a ???t? ?a? ?????.
• ??a??? a?de?se?? ?d?a?te?a t?? ?????st? -
  Sept?µß???.
• ???deµa ???e? ?a??, ???e? p??s???
• ??????a ????µ?, ?p?sd?p?te ???t? st? s????µ?d?.
  ??? a?aµ???e?se??.
• 2-3 ?e?asµ??? e?t?µ??t???? ??a ta ?ep?d?pte?a ?a?
  ßa??????.
• S????µ?d? ap? t? ?daf?? ???e 2 µ??e? t?? pe???d?
  ???µa?s??.
• ???ß??µata s??s?µ? ?a?p??, p??sßeß??µ??a ap?
  e?????? ??sta?a

60
S???e???µ??a ??a ??pa?s?

• ?e 1 t???? ?a?p?? fe????? 10 ???? ?, lt2 ???? ?
  ?a? 8,5 ???? ?. ?e ta ??ad?? e????sta. ?? µ?????
  ta ??ad???a, ?as?de? ?a? f???a µ?sa, ??? ???e?
  ap??e?e?.
• ?e? ?p?????? p??t?pa ??a f????d?a???st??? ?a?
  ßas???µaste st?? edaf??????? e??tas?. ??? pH lt5,
  a????? asß?st? st? ?daf??.

61
S???e???µ??a ??a ??pa?s? s????e?a

• ??????a t?? ?????? t?? ???af??? ???eta? ?a? ?
  ??pa?s?.
• ????? 12 ???? ????? ?a? lt9 ???? ? t? st??µµa ?ta?
  p???? ??????. ?fa?µ??? t?? ?a???????-Feß???????
  µ????? ??? d?as???p?sµ???.
• ? ?asta??? e?a?s??t? st?? ???e??? ß?????

62
S???e???µ??a ??a ??pa?s? s????e?a

• ????? 12 ???? ???t? t? st??µµa ?ta? p???? ??????
  (??t???? aµµ???a, asßest???? ??t???? aµµ???a).
  ?fa?µ??? pe??p?? 50-100 cm µa???? ap? t?? ???µ?!
• ?fa?µ??? ? se t?e?? d?se?? a???? ?p?????? (??a
  ß??st?s? ?a? d?aµ??f?s? a???f????), µ?sa ?a???
  (?a?? ????s? ?a? ?a?p?des?, a???f????? ??a
  ep?µe?? ??????), t??? ?????st?? (?a?? µ??e???
  ?a?p??, ? ??a ep?µe?? ß?ast??? pe???d?).
• ??p??? ???e? p??ta ?a??, ?d?a?te?a ?ta? edaf???
  ???a???? ??s?a lt2.

63
?s???e?e? ?asta???? 1

• ?e????s? ?asta???? (Phytophthora cinnamomi, P.
  cambivora, chestnut ink disease) ap? ??tta?a
  ?????, µe?a??d? e????µata, ?e??????ta?, ?a?
  a?t?st????? ???d??, p??????e? ?a?µ? d??t?? ?a?
  ?????s? ?????????.
• ?e??s? ??µ??? ??? ???? ed?f?, d?aß???? ed?f???
  µe metalaxyl ?a? ?e?asµ?? f????µat?? µe fosetyl
  (2 f???? t? ?t??, ???t??-?p?????,
  Sept.-??t?ß???), a??e?t???? p??????e? ?a?
  a??e?t??? ?p??e?µe?a.

64
?s???e?e? ?asta???? 2

• ????? ?asta???? (Cryphonectria-p???? Endothia-
  parasitica, chestnut blight) e?s???eta? ap?
  p????? st? f???? d??t??? ?a? d?µ?????e?
  ?pe?t??f?e? ?a? p???e? ?pe??e?µe?? f?t?, ?a?
  ?a?aß?ast??e? ?.?p.
• ??t?µet?p?s? µe a??e?t???? p??????e?, p??s???
  st? d?µ??????a p?????, se ??? t?? ????da p??? t??
  ?????? a?t?µet?p?s? µe e????sta pa??????
  µ???sµ??? µe ?? µ???ta (eµß???asµ? t?? p?????
  t?? ??????).

65
????????? ?atap???µ?s? 1
?e????s? ??? ßa??? ?a? ???? ed?f? ??? s????
p?t?sµata µe ?at????s? ?at? t?? ??de?s? t? ?e??
ap? ts??ß??? µe ß??d????e?? ??de?s? ?at?
p??t?µ?s? µe sta???e? ? at?µ??? µpe? (???
ß?e?µ??? ?a?µ?) ?p??????? ?a? ???es? ep?fa?e?a???
????? ????p?t?sµa µe ß??d????e?? 5 ??pa?s? µe ?,
? ???s???? ???a????? ??s??? ? µ???????a??sµ??
(µ?d????e???, µ???????a) ??e? f?te?e? a??e?t????
p??????e?.
66
????????? ?atap???µ?s? 2
??d???a ?p?p????a ??sa???? ap? p????? st??
???µ? ?a? ß?a????e? ??µ??e? f???? (?p?pa?????e?)
?p?????? st? f?s? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?d? ??e?
f?te?e? a??e?t???? p??????e?.
67
S??t???s? ??sta???

• ?a?p?? gt40 ???as?a ?a? gt40 ?µ???, ??a s??e??
  ?a? ap??e?a ß????? - s??????s?.
• ???a s??t???s? st??? 0 C ?a? p?ast????? s??????
  PE. ???? s??e?? ap? Penicillium, Botrytis, Phoma
  endogena, Fusarium roseum.
• ?e??s? ap??e??? d?a???? ?a?p??, s???? µe ???e?
  ?p?? ??a µe??s? t?? ???as?a?, ? eµß?pt?s? se ?e??
  55 C ??a 5 min ?a? st????µa 6 h ? eµß?pt?s? se
  ?e?? ??a 9 ?µ ?a? a??a??? ?a??µe???? ?a? st????µa
  ? se ULO 1 O2, ? se ?at????? (?a? µetap???s?) ?
  ß??s?µ? - ap?f????s? ?a? ?at????? (??a
  µetap???s?).

68
???s?µ?t?ta t?? ?asta????

• ? ?asta??? ?a???e??e?ta? ??a t?? ?a?p?, ???e?a,
  pass?????, ta???? de?µ?t??.
• ????sta d??t?a ?e????eta? t? ?p???e?? µ???? ?a?
  a?aß?ast????? pa?af??de?.

69
S???pt???

• ?at?????a µ???????µata (?e?µ???as?e?, ?daf??)
  ??a ?asta???? ????pa???? ?a? ?ß??d?a µe ?ap??????
• ????ap?as?asµ?? ?asta????
• ??pa?s? ?asta????
• ????e? as???e?e? t?? ?asta???? ?a? a?t?µet?p?s?
  t??? µe s?µßat??? ?a? ß???????? t??p?
• ??t?µa p?? p??sß????? ta ??sta?a
• ????????? ?a??????e?a ?asta????
• ?e?t??s? t?? s??t???s?? t?? ??sta???

70
??t???d??

• ??a?????µe??? ??µ??? µe p??? e?d???? apa?t?se??
  ??a ???st? a??pt??? ?a? ep?t???µ??? ?a??????e?a.
• ?e????se ap? ???a, epe?t????e a????? st? ?.
  ???a?d?a - ??st?a??a ?a? ap? e?e? d?ad????e st??
  ?a??f????a ?a? ?es??e??.
• ????da Sta?e?? a???s? ta te?e?ta?a ?????a ???
  t??? 100000 t?????? (4? pa???sµ???). ??? ?a? gt70
  e???eta? (66 ???. t??. t? 2011). ??sa????? 4
  ???. t??.
• ?a???e??e?ta? ????a st?? ??e??a, ?µa??a, ??ta,
  F???t?da, ?a? ????te?? st?? ????a, ?????, ?aß??a,
  Tessa??a.

71
???????e?

• ?a?t?? st?? ??sµ? µ???? p??t???? µ??? ? Hayward
  (s????µ?d? ap? µ?sa ??t?ß????)
• ???a f?te???ta? ?a? p???µe? (Summerkiwi, Green
  Light µ?sa Septeµß????, ?se?e??d?? t???
  Septeµß????), µe ??t???? s???a (Hort16A, JinTao,
  Soreli) ?a? ????? ????d?, ?a? µe ??????? s???a
  ?a? ta µ???? Arguta
• ?p? t? 2009 Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae
  ?atast??fe? ta ??t???a st?? ?ta??a ?a? ????te??
  ta p??s??a pa?t?? (st?? ??e??a ap? t? 2011) ?a?
  t? ??t?µ? ?et???fa ap? t? 2011

72
S???pt??? ??a t? a?t???d??

• ???????e? ?a? ep??? ???µa?s?? t???
• ???a? ????s??, apa?t?se?? ?at? t?? ????s?
• ???d???? ap? pa?et??? a?? ep??? ?a? p??stas?a
• F?t???a?? pa?a????
• ????t?ta a?t???d??? st? s????µ?d?
• S??t???s? a?t???d???
• ??aµ??f?s? a?t???d???

73
??t??

• ????a pa???eta? st?? ???a ?a? ?ap???a.
• ???????e? µe st?f?t?ta (Hachiya) ? ??? (Fuyu).
  St?? ????da f?te?eta? ????a ? Jiro.
• ? ?a??????e?a epe?te??eta?.
• ?fa??es? st?f?t?ta? e????? µe d??f??e? µe??d???.
• O??µ??e? t?? ??t?ß???.

74
??d??
?a?a???? ????da? (2013) p???. ??µ???? 1000 t
(??????da, ?a????a) p???. Wonderful 3500 t (t?
1/3 ??a ??µ?p???s?) (?e?t???? ?a? ß??e?a ????da),
e?a????? ? ??????a 140000 t ?s?a?? 50000 t ?a?
?spa??a
75
???????e? ??d???

• ?a?ad?s?a?? ? ??µ???? (? ?f??ta) st? ??t?a
  ?e??p????s? ?????, ??? p??? ??????a
• ??e???? ? Wonderful p??? ??????? µ?sa ?a? ???, ?
  p?? ???e???? ??µ?? ??d???, a??et? st?f?? (f?s???)
• ????µ? ? Acco ??a?? ??????? ep????µa, ??????,
  ?af?t?asµa f????? st? s??t???s?
• ??????a ? Hicaznar p??? ?a?? µ??e???, ???µa ?a?
  ?e?s?
• ??µ?? t? 2012 40-70 ?ept? t? ???? ??a
  ep?t?ap???a ?a? 27-35 ?ept? ??a ??µ?p???s?.

76
???a ??a t? ??d??

• ??t??e? st?? a?at?t?ta
• ?pa?te? p??? ? µe t? ??pa?s? (efa?µ???? ?a?
  d?af?????? t? ?a???a???)
• ?? pa?af??de? ?e??????ta? ?a? µe diquat se d??d?a
  ??? t?? 3 et??, a??? ?a?? e??a? ?a ap?fe????ta?
  ta ???a????t??a (?d?a?te?a ta d?as?st?µat???)
• ?? s??s?µ? t?? ?a?p?? ?fe??eta? st?? a??µ???µ??f?
  ???as?a ed?f??? ?a? p?????? ?????? pa?????te? ?a?
  µe???eta? µe sta?e?? pa???? ?e??? ??? t?
  s????µ?d? (??t?ß???)
• S????µ?d? µe gt15 ?SS ?a? lt0,6 ???t?ta st??
  ?????? p??????e?.

77
S???pt??? minor ?e?µ?? e???at??

• ??t?? p?? afa??e?ta? ? st?f?t?ta, p?te a????e?,
  p?te s????µ??eta?, p?? s??t??e?ta?
• ???sµ????? p?te a????e?, p?te ???µ??e? t???
  ?a?p???, t? e??a? ? ?a?p?? (pe????af?), p??a
  p??ß??µata ??e?
• ??d?? p??????e? st?? ????da ?a? ???s? t?? ?a?p??
  t???, p??ß??µata st?? ????da (pa?et??, s??s?µ?,
  ?????a?µa, s??t???s?), pe?????? ??a a??pt??? ?a?
  st???? a??pt????

78
F?????a

• ?a???sµ?a 2,3 e?at. t????? ?a? ????p? t? 52.
• Fragaria ananassa d?asta???s? t?? F. chiloensis
  F. virginiana ?a? t?? F. ovalis ??a ??d?te??
  f?t?pe???d?sµ?. ????? st?? ????p? t? F. vesca.
• St?? ????da ?a???e??e?ta? st?? ??e?a (11000 st?)
  ?a? ??e??a (lt500). ?a??? ?a???e?????ta? st?
  F?????a. ???????e? Camarosa (60, ???t-????),
  Ventana (30, ?a?-????), Kantoga (10, ??? t???
  ???????). ??a????? 22400 t???? µe 1,58 /kg

79
?e????af? t?? f?t?? ?a? ?a?p??

• ????et??, p??de?, ß?ast?? ???t??, f???a s???eta.
• ?f?a?µ?? a???f???? ? st????a?
• S???d?? ?a? pe????af? ??????.
• ?a?p?? s?????p??.
• ?????? s?st?µa ??ssa??de?, ep?fa?e?a??.
• ??t??? st?? ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as?e?.

80
??ta???? ?a?a?t???st???

• ?f?a?µ??
• ????fa??? p??????
• ??????? ?f?a?µ?? d??e?
• ??e????? ß?ast? µe ???? ß?a?e?a f?t?pe???d?
  ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as?e?
• St????a µe???? ?µ??a ?????? ?e?µ???as?e?

81
?a?p??

• S?????p??
• ??a?µat???? ?a?p?? a?a???a
• ???µa ?a?p?? a???????e?

82
F?s??????a f?a??????

• ??a?e?a? f?t?pe???d?? - µ???f??e?. lt14 ??e? f??
  ?a? lt15C. Chandler, Douglas, Oso Grande, Pajaro,
  st?? ????da ?? Ponderosa, Vendana.
• ????f??e? ? s??e???? ?a?p?f???a?, d??. ?a???? ?
  ??d?te??? f?t?pe???d??. Selva, Fern, Irvine.

83
????ap?as?asµ??

• ?????e?e?a?? µe st????e?.
• ?µp????? apa??a?? ap? ???? µe ?e?µ??e?ape?a, in
  vitro ?a??????e?a µe??st?µat?? (lt0,5mm), CK ??a
  p???????, epa?a?a??????e?e?, ????ß???a.
• Super Elite ta a??t??? se d??t????p?? ?a?
  ?aµß????ta? st????e?.
• Elite ?a??????e?a se ?????? pe?????? ?a?
  ?aµß????ta? st????e?.
• S??t???s? f?t?? ap? F????p??? ??? ep?µe??
  ?a???a??? st??? -2C.

84
?µp????? ?a??????e?a

• ???f?te?t??? ßas??? a??t????? ??pa?s?,
  d?µ??????a saµa????, a????? ??de?s??, ??????
  ed?f??? µe p?ast???, ap???µa?s?.
• F?te?s? t?? ?????? - ?????st?, saµ???a 60cm ?a?
  ap?st?se?? d?? ??aµµ?? 2025cm. ?e???d????
  ?ata????sµ??, afa??es? ta??a?????, st?????? ?a?
  pa???? f?????, ?d????pa?s?.
• ???stas?a t? ?e?µ??a ap? pa?et???.
• S????µ?d? ap? ?a??????? ??? ??????.
• ?atast??f? ? d?at???s? t?? ?a??????e?a? a??µa µ?a
  ??????.

85
???pt??? ?a?p?? - S????µ?d?

• ??t?????µ?, µe???? a?tep?????a??µe??, µ???sse?,
  a?a???a, a???d???.
• S????µ?d? ?ta? ?a?p?? gt90 ???????? (?),
  t?p???t?s? ?at e??e?a? st?? s?s?e?as?e?
  ?ata?a??t?, ??? pe?a?t??? ???µa?s? (?), p???
  e?pa??? (??e? p??????e?, µeta?e???s?, ap?st?se??,
  p??????, s??t???s?, ?ata?a??t??, s??e??,
  t??p?p???µ??? atµ?sfa??a µe ????? CO2).

86
???se??

• ??p? a???ß?, e?a?s??t?. ??taµ. ?, C, ??ata,
  p??t??e?, f?t???? ??e?.
• ?at?????, µa?µe??da, ??µ??.

87
?s???e?e?- ??????

• ??t??t?? se f?t? ?a? ?a?p???. ?a? O?d??,
  Mycosphaerella. ?a?p?? ?a? Rhizopus, F?t?f???a.
• ?s???e?e? ????? Verticilium, Rhizoctonia,
  F?t?f???a, Pythium, Fusarium.
• ??se??, p??a p?????.
• ?f?de?, tet???????, ???pe?, a?????µ??,
  ?t????????, s?d???s?????e?, ?e???? s?????e?.

88
S???pt??? ??a t?? f?????a

• ?e????af? f?t??, ??????, ?a?p??
• ?a??????e?a µe f?t? ???e???
• F?t???a?? pa?a???? f?t?? ???e???
• ???????e? st?? ????da ??a pa?a???? ?a?p??
• ???????e? µ???f??e? ? p???f??e? t? s?µa?????,
  pa?ade??µata
• ???at?t?te? pa?a????? f?????a? e?t?? ep???? st??
  ????da

89
Sµ????a - ?at?µ???a

• ? ?a??????e?a t??? ???e p??? 20 ?????a ?a?.
  ?f??e ta te?e?ta?a ?????a.
• T?µ??? µe a?????a ? ???.
• ???? µe???? pa?a???? st?? ????p?. ?µe??
  µp????saµe ?a pa?????µe e?t?? ep???? ??a t?
  ???e?a ????p? a??? ??a ???? µ?a f??? de? ta
  ?ataf??aµe.

90
Sµ?????

• ????et?? ??µ???
• ????µ? ?????? s?st?µa
• S??µat?sµ?? ep??t?t?? ?f?a?µ?? - ?a?a????
  pa?af??d??
• ???? se ta??a???a ??µat?? - e?µaf??d?ta
• ?a?p?? S?????p??
• ???µa ???????, µa???, ??de?, ??t????

91

• ?pa?te? ????? ?e?µ??a ?a? d??se?? ?a???a???
• ????ap?as???eta? µe pa?af??de?, µ?s?e?µata ?a?
  ?st??a??????e?a
• ???????e?
• ????f??e? d?f??e?

92
????f??e? p??????e?

• ??af???p???s? ?f?a?µ?? f????p???-?e?µ??a
• ??a??p? ???????? µe ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as?e? (700
  ??e?, ?lt7?C)
• ?a?p?f??e? se p??????? ß?ast??? t? ?a???a??? t??
  2?? ?t???
• ?p?µ?????s? ß?ast??

93
??f??e? p??????e?

• ??af???p???s? ?f?a?µ?? µet? ap? s??µat?sµ?
  ???sµ???? a???µ?? ????t??
• ?a?p?f??e? se p??????? ß?ast??? f????p??? 1?? ?a?
  ?a???a??? 2?? ?t???
• ?p?µ?????s? ß?ast?? 1? ? 2? ?t??

94
F?te?s? ??aµ??f?s?- ???deµa

• G?aµµ??? s?st?µa s?st?µa V µe ?p?st???s?
• ?p?st?se?? 0,5-1µ 2,5µ.
• ???deµa
• ??a??µa et?s??? ß?ast??
• ?fa??es? d?et?? ß?ast?? p?? ?a?p?f???sa?
• ?e?µe???? ???deµa afa??es? ????f??

95
O??µa?s?

• 30-35 ?µ??e? µet? t?? ????s?
• S????µ?d? ?ta? ? ?a?p?? ??e? ???µa ??d???-???????
• ?p?????sµ?? ap? a???d???
• S????µ?d? t? p??? p?????? s??t???s?
• 0?C ??a ???e? ?µ??e?.

96
?at?µ???a

• ????et?? ?????? s?st?µa
• ?a?a???? ß?ast?? ap? ?f?a?µ??? t?? ?efa???
• ?a?p?f???a t? 2? ?t??
• ??af???p???s? ?f?a?µ?? f????p??? ??????
• ?p?d?as? ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as??? ??a d?a??p? ????????

97

• ???????e? ??????ade?, p?a?????ade? ?a? ??p??se?,
  µe ? ????? a?????a
• ????ap?as?asµ?? µe µ?s?e?µata ?????, ?ataß???de?
  ????f??, µ?s?e?µata ?a? ?st??a??????e?a
• ???deµa ??????s? p?????? ß?ast?? ?a? afa??es?
  ß?ast?? 2?? ?t?? µet? t?? ?a?p?f???a

98
?????? ?s???e?e? ?at?µ??????

• ??????
• ??ast????t??, ????d?µ??a, a?????µ??, tet???????
  ?.a
• ?s???e?e?
• ??t??t??, ??d??, s????as?, s???????e?
• ?a?t???a
• ??se??

99
????

• ??e???? s?µas?a. ??sµ?? 3,2 e?at. t?????
  e?a???ad? (2013-14) (2,7 t? 2012-13) ?a? 2,8
  (2012-13) e?at. t????? ß??s?µ?. ???? t?µ? p?fte?
  (s?ed?? 1,8 t? ???? t? 2011, sta 2,3 t?
  2012, 2,4 t? 2013)!
• ????e? ???e? pa?a????? (EE) (?????de? t????)
• ??a???ad? ???s?µ?
• ?spa??a 1500 480
• ?ta??a 500 ??????a gt350
• ????da lt450 (230 13-14) gt100
• ?a??f????a 80
• ?p??tas? se ß??e?a ?f???? ?a? ??????a, ??st?a??a,
  ???e?t???

100
???? s?µas?a ??a t?? ????da

• ?s???e?ta? t? 1/3 t?? ????????? a???t????
  p????sµ??. ?a??pte? t? 75 t?? ?a???e????µe??? µe
  d??t?a ??tas??. ?e??p?? t? 15 (se ???µa) t??
  a???t???? e?a????? t?? ????da?.
• ???ß??µata µe eµp???a, e?a?????, d?af?µ?s?,
  ep?d?t?se??, d?e??e?? s??????e?.
• 150000 t???? ??d? e?????sa? t? 2012-13.
• ??a???ad? ?????e??, ?ess???a, ?a???, ?as???,
  ??sß??.
• ???s?µ? ??t???a?a??a??a, F???t?da, ??ta,
  Tesp??t?a, ?a???s?a, ????sa.

101
T?ept??? a??a e?a???ad??

• ?ata????s? a?? ??t???? ????? st?? ????da.
• ??af???? ap? ???a ??p? ?a? ??a?a.
• ?a??? ?d??t?te? ????a???est? e?a??? µe
  ???esµ??a, ???e?a??? 10 µe ß?taµ??? ?,
  a?t???e?d?t???.

102
???????e? ????? st?? ????da

• ??????a?pe? lt2g / ?a?p?
• ?????????, ??a????? ?e????a?, ?at????.
• ?es??a?pe? 3-5g / ?a?p?
• T???µpa, ?e?a?e?t???, ????ß?.
• ?e?a???a?pe? 5-10g / ?a?p?
• ???se?ß????, ?a?aµ??, ???d????? ?a??..

103
?daf????µat???? apa?t?se??

• ?a?et?? lt-3 C ??µ?? st??? ?a?p???, lt-5 C ??µ??
  st??? ß?ast???, lt-10 C ??µ?? st??? ß?a????e?,
  lt-14 C ?atast??f? ????????? d??t???.
• ???? ?e?µ??a ?a? ??e? ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as??? (lt10
  ? lt16 C).
• ?a?????? s?????e? st?? ????s?.
• ?a???e??e?ta? se ??a ta ed?f? ap? pet??d?
  ep?????? ??? ep?peda ????µa.

104
????ap?as?asµ?? e????

• ??????a t?? p??????a. ??????? ?a? t? ??st?? a??
  f?t?.
• ?e??ss?te?e? p??????e? µe eµß???asµ? (p?a??t?,
  ?.?p.) p??? se ????a (sp???f?t?, a???e???).
• ???e? µe f????f??a µ?s?e?µata ?a? ?d????f?s?
  (4000 ppm NAA, ta?e?a, ??????µ??? µ???d??).
• ???e? µe ?p???d?p?te µ?s?e?µa (s?????? ????? ?
  f????f???).

105
F?s??????a e????

• ??ast??? a??pt??? ?p????? - ??????, ??t??? se
  a?de??µe?a ?a? a?????a ???deµa.
• ??af???p???s? a???f???? ?f?a?µ?? t?? ??????.
  ??p?ta ??? t? ?e?µ??a. ?? ?e?µ??a µe ?????
  e????st? d?aµ??f?s?. ?p? t?? ???t?? d?aµ??f?s?
  a???f???? ?f?a?µ?? ??? t?? ???? ?a? ????s?.
• ????ta??e?, ate?? ????. ?a?p?des? ???µat????
  s?????e?, ?a???e???t???? f???t?de?, ep?????ast??.
• ?a?e??a?t?f???a.

106
F?s??????a e???? s????e?a

• ???p?. Se ??de??µe?? µe ?a?????? ?a?p?f???a ????
  - ?????? ??tta??d?a???se?? ?a? te???? µ??e???
  p????a. ?????? - µ?sa ???. S??????s? p????a,
  e????st? a??pt??? s???a?. ??sa ???. - ??t?ß???
  a??pt??? s???a? ?a? s?ss??e?s? e?a???ad?? (???
  d?µ?????e?ta??). ???µß??? - p???? ???µa?s? ?
  pa?et? s?ss??e?s? e?a????d??, e????st? a??pt???
  s???a? ?a? a??a?? ???µat?? (a??????? ? ??????? ?
  µa???, f????? ?a? s???a) µa????µa.
• ??af???? ?ta? ??????? ? µe ?pe?ß????? ? e????st?
  ?a?p?f???a.

107
???deµa - ??aµ??f?s?

• ???deµa d?aµ??f?s?? (e?af??, apa?e??e??),
  ?a?p?f???a? (a?de??µe?a, pa?e??a?t?f?????ta?),
  a?a???s?? (????? ? 1 ß?a????a, coppiced system).
• ?p?st?se?? f?te?s?? 6-10 6-10 µ.
• ??aµ??f?s? ??µ??
• ????da sfa?????, ??pe???, p???ap???? ???µ???
  (ap? pa?et?), µ??a???? s????µ?d?.
• ?e?t???? ????a - ??aµµ??? - e?tat???p???s?
  (?ta??a).
• T?µ?? ??a ??????? pe?????? (?spa??a).
• G?aµµ??? - µ??a???? ???deµa s????µ?d?
  (?a??f????a).

108
??a??µa ?a?p?? e????

• ?pa?te?ta? se ??????? µe µe???? ?a?p?des? ?a? ??a
  ß??s?µe? e????. ?e???e? pa?e??a?t?f???a. ?s?µf???
  µe t? ????.
• ?ta? ?pe?ß????? ?a?p?des?, ??? ???e? ?µ??e? µet?
  t?? p???? ????s? (??? st?? ????da).

109
??de?s? t?? e????

• ?p? t?? ???t?? (??a t??e?a ????), ????
  (?a?p?des?), ?????? (a??pt??? ?a?p?? ?a?
  d?af???p???s? a???f????), ???. - ??t. (??a
  µ???st? a??pt??? ?a?p?? ?a? pe??e?t???t?ta
  e?a????d??).
• S?????? st??d?? ? at?µ??? µpe? (??????µ?a ?e???
  a??? ????? ??st?? a?de?t???? s?st?µat??).
• ?p????µe ?a a???s??µe t?? pa?a??????t?ta t??
  a?de?t???? ?e??? ap? 9 kg ha-1 mm-1 se 22 kg ha-1
  mm-1 a? p?t?s??µe st? 60 t?? e?atµ?s?d?ap????!
• ?????? a????µ?t?ta? ?e???

110
??pa?s? t?? e????

• ?????????? f????d?a???st??? ?a? edaf???????
  a????s?, ??s???? a?????e? t?? e????? ???e ?t??.
• ??a???a? µe ?a?????? ?a?p?f???a, a?de??µe???,
  e?tat????.
• ? (kg) P (kg) K (kg) B (g)
• ??s???? 40 5,6 20
• ?????? ?a?p?? 5,4 0,3 5 3
• ?????? ß?ast?? 7,8 0,5 5 3
• ?t?s?e? a????e? se ?, ?.
• S???? e??e??e?? se ? ?a? spa???te?a Mg, Zn.

111
??pa?s? s????e?a

• ???e?a ???s?? ??ept???? µe t? ????? st?? e???.
• ??te ??pa????µe ??????a µe t?? a????e? ?a? t?
  ?e?t?????a t?? d??t???, edaf????µat???? s?????e?,
  ?a???e???t???? f???t?de?.
• ?? µ??f?? ??pasµ?t?? ?p?? ? s???eta, ßas???
  (e?s?µ?t?s? ? ep?fa?e?a??), ?dat?d?a??t?.

112
??pa?s?, ?p?????sµ??

• ?pa?t???ta? 1 kg N, 0,3 kg P, 1 kg K a?? d??t??
  ?a? ?t??
• ?a?a???? 40 kg ß??s?µe? ? 8 kg ??d? t? d??t??
  (??? p??ta!)
• ??st?? ??pasµ?t?? 16-20-0 (0,44 /kg), ??t????
  aµµ???a (0,33 /kg), ?e???? ????? (0,6 /kg),
  11-15-15 (0,5 /kg)
• ???pe? ?a efa?µ?st??? 2 kg 16-20-0, 2 kg ??t????
  aµµ, 2 kg ?e???? ?, ??a s??????? ??st?? 2,8
  /d??t?? ?a? ?t??
• ??a??a?t??? 6 kg 11-15-15 ?a? 1 kg ??t????
  aµµ???a, ??a s??????? ??st?? 3,3 /d??t?? ?a? ?t??

113
??t?µet?p?s? ???a????

• ??????? µe??s? ap??e??? ???as?a? ed?f??? a???
  ?a? ???a???? ??s?a, e?af?? a?aµ???e?s? ? ??µ???
  ???a????t???a (ep??????).
• ??de??µe??? µe??s? ap??e??? ???as?a? ed?f??? ?a?
  ??ept????, µe??s? a?ta????sµ??. ???
  a?aµ???e?se??, ?a? ???a????t??a ? ?a? ??p??
  (p?te?).
• ????? ??pa?s? p?te, ??at??

114
?s???e?e? t?? e????

• ?a?????? (Pseudomonas savastanoi) s?µpt?µata,
  ep??tas? µet? ap? ?a???? ? pa?et?, p??stas?a -
  ?e?ape?a.
• ?????????? s?µpt?µata - ??µ???, p??stas?a.
• ?e?t?s????s? (Verticillium dahliae, V.
  albo-atrum) s?µpt?µata, p??stas?a.

115
?????? t?? e????

• ????? (Bactrocera oleae) a?t?µet?p?s? µe
  da???t???a, ?e?asµ??? (p?????? ??????? ?
  d???µat?????), pa??de? (e???st????, fe??µ??????).
• ??????t??t?? (Prays oleae) 2 ?e???? (a???ß?a,
  ?a?p?ß?a). ????d??aµa e?t?µ??t??a, ß?????? ?
  ???µ?st?? a??pt???? e?t?µ??
• ?????e?d? ?a???e???t??? µ?t?a, ?s????p?µ???
  pe??ß?????.
• ????? ???? e????? pa?at???se?? ?a? p??stas?a.

116
?a?a???????s? p????sµ?? d????

• ?e pa??de? t?p?? McPhail µe d????µa 4 ?e????
  aµµ???a, pa?at???s? ?a? a??a?? ???e 5 µ??e?.
• St?? ??pa??ss?a
• ?? 2010 µ???sta sta µ?sa ???????, a????
  ?????st??, a???? Septeµß????, a???? µ?sa
  ??t?ß????
• ?? 2011 µ???sta µ?sa ???????, a????
  Septeµß????, a???? ??t?ß????

117
??t?µet?p?s? d????

• ?e d???µat????? ?e?asµ??? µe ??p???
  p??se???st??? (?d????µ??? p??te???, µe??sa,
  ?.?p.) ?a? e?t?µ??t??? (e?a???? ta
  a-cypermethrin, ß-cyfluthrin, dimethoate,
  spinosad) ?e???? ???e de?te?? d??t?? (? se a?a???
  f?te?se?? ???e d??t??) st? ß??e??? p?e??? st??
  ???µ? p??? (p??? t?? 10 pµ ?a ??? te?e??se?, t?
  p??? pet?e? ? µ??a).
• ?e µe?a??te??? d????e?a? (d?? µ????) pa??de?.
• ?e ?a?????? ?e?asµ? (µet? t?? a???? Septeµß????
  p??ta af??e? ?p??e?µµata st? ??d?).

118
S????µ?d? e?a???a?p??

• ??st?? s????µ?d?? ??? 50-70 t?? s?????? t??
  a??a? t?? p?????t??.
• ???s?µe? µe ta ????a se ???ß?de? ? se p?ast???
  pa??? ? d??t?a, ?µes? µetaf??? ??a µetap???s?.
• ??a??p???s?µe? µe ta ????a ?a? ß????t??? µ?sa,
  µe at?µ????? d???t??, µe µe?????? d???t?? ?
  e?d??? µ??a??µata, se s??d?asµ? µe ???deµa, µet?
  ap? f?s??? pt?s? µe ???µa?s?.

119
?etap???s? e?a???a?p??

• ?? Sept - ??t p??s???? ??a µetap???s? ?spa?????
  t?p??, Castel-Vetrano, tsa??st??, ??d?te?,
  confit.
• ?e t? µa???sµa t?? f????? ??a µetap???s?
  ????????? t?p?? (??d?te? ? ?a??µ??e?, ???st?? ??
  ?a?aµ??) ? T???µpe?.
• G?a e?a??p???s? ?s? p?? a???, t?s? p?? ?????
  e?a??pe??e?t???t?ta, p???t?ta ?s?? ?aµ???te?? ?a?
  pa?a???? ep?µe??? ??????? µe??µ???.

120
??a??p???s?

• ??a??t??ße?a p?est???, f????e?t???? 3 f?se??,
  f????e?t???? 2 f?se??.
• St?d?a e?a??p???s?? ?a?a??sµ??, p??s?µ?, ????s?,
  s???????, µ??a?? µe ? ????? ?est? ?e??,
  f??????t??s? (decanter), epa?????? f????e?t??se??
  ?a? pa?a?aß? ?a?a??? e?a???ad??.
• ?????a?, ????e?a, f???a.
• ????t?te? e?a???ad?? e?a??et??? (? ??t?a)
  pa????? lt1 ???t?ta, e??e?t? pa????? 1-2,
  ??????te pa????? 2-3,3, ?af??a??sµ??? ??? 0,3.
  ???µata ?af??? ?a? pa?????? ? a??? e?a???ada.

121
S?s?e?as?a- S??t???s?

• ?ste???µe st? s?s?e?as?a d?e????.
• S??t???s? e?a????d?? ???st? se ??????e?
  s?s?e?as?e? a??? eµp????? se te??st?e?
  a???e?d?te? de?aµe??? ap??s?a ????????. ??? f??
  ?a? ?????? ?e?µ???as?e?, µe??s? p???t?ta? ?ta? se
  p?ast????? ??d???.
• S??t???s? e?a???a?p?? se ??µ? ? a??t?.

122
????????? e?a???a??????e?a

• ??pa?s? ????? ??pa?s?, e?s?µ?t?s? ??ade?t????
  ?a? ???a????, ??p???, ??µp?st.
• ?????????? ?.?p. ?s???e?e? ß??d????e?? (d?s?
  ?????).
• ????? µe pa??de?.
• ??????t??t?? ß?????? (µ??? a???ß?a ?e???)
• ??a??p???s?
• ?µp???a ß????????? e?a???ad??.

123
S???pt??? ??a t?? e??? 1

• ?at?????e? p??????e? a?????a µ???d? ?a??????e?a?,
  as???e?e?, µ???????µa, te???? p?????
• ???µat???? apa?t?se?? t? ?e?µ??a ? t?? ??????
• ????ap?as?asµ?? ??a pa?a???? f?t?? ??a
  a?de??µe?a-????µa ????f?a, ??a ??????-e?a??p???s?µ
  ? p??????a, ??a ???a ? ????a ed?f?
• ?a st?d?a ap? t? d?af???p???s? t?? a???f????
  ?f?a?µ?? ??? t?? ????s? ? t?? ???µa?s?
• ???pt??? ??????? t?? ?a?p?? ?a? s?ss??e?s?
  e?a????d??

124
S???pt??? ??a t?? e??? 2

• ???a ???µa?s?? ??a ?spa????? t?p??, ??a confit,
  ??a µa??e? ?a?aµ??
• ?????????? ??pa?s? ?a? ??de?s? ??a s?µßat????? ?
  ß??????????
• ??t?µet?p?s? ???a???? se d??f??e? pe??pt?se??
  (ß????????, a?de??µe?a, ep??????, )
• ????e? as???e?e? ?a? p??stas?a
• ?????? e????? ?a? ?atap???µ?s?
• ?p??p???? f?te?s? ?a???t?µ?e?
• ??a??t??ße?? d?? ? t???? f?se??

125
?spe??d?e?d?

• ? s?µa?t???te?? ?µ?da ?p???f???? st?? ??sµ? µe
  p??? ap? 80 e?at. t?????? ?a?p???.
• ?e??st?a pa?a???? se ??a????a (??µ?), ???,
  ?es??e??, ?p? ??at???.
• St?? ????da s??????? pa?a???? p??? ap? 1 e?at.
  t?????? et?s??? (2010-11 ??? t??. p??t 922, µa?t
  120, ?eµ 46, ß?t? 6) ?a? ?a???e??e?ta? st??
  ?e??p????s?, ??t??? ????da, ?a???.
• ??a????? (2011) 400 ???. t?????? p??t?????a ?a?
  69 ???. t??. µa?ta????a. ??sa????? ????a ?eµ???a
  (30000 t??????). ?? d??µa µe eµp???a (??? 5 ?ept?
  t? ???? st? d??t?? ta ?a???ts?a!).

126
??d? p?? e?et????ta?

• ???t?????a t? s?µa?t???te?? e?d?? ??a ??p? ???s?
  a??? ?a? ??µ?p???s? (??a ??µ? p?e? gt50
  pa???sµ???).
• ?a?ta????e?d? p????, a??? ????a st?? ?p? ??at???
  ?a? ?spa??a.
• ?eµ???a ???a, ????a st? ?es??e?? ?a? ???.
• ??t????a?p?? (grapefruit) ?sa ?a? ?eµ???a, ????a
  ???.
• ???a e?d? e????st? pa?a???? ?p?? ???µ ????t,
  f??ppe?, ?e?a?t???, pe??aµ?t?, ??µett?a, ??t???.

127
?a??????e?a st?? ????da

• ???t?????a ??????da (??????), ??t??? ????da,
  ?a????a, ?a???
• ?a?ta????e?d? ???µe?t???, ??ta??? (?a????a),
  ??ßa
• ?eµ???a ????a st?? ???????a, ?atast??f??a? ap?
  t?? pa?et? t?? Feß?2004, epa?a??µpt??? ??? 50000
  t????? t? 2012
• ??t????a?p?? (grapefruit) e????sta

128
???µat???? apa?t?se??

• ?a??????e?a ap? ?est? e???ata ??? t??p???.
• ??a?s??ta st??? pa?et??? ?e?µ??a. ??µ???
  s??d?asµ?? ?e?µ???as?a? ?a? d????e?a? se a?t?.
  Ge???? ??t? ap? -2C ??a d????e?a ????? ????
  ??µ??? st??? ?a?p???, ?ea???? ß?ast??? ?a? f???a.
  ??t? ap? -5 C ?a? a??et? d????e?a µe?a??te?e?
  ??µ??? ?a? st??? ß?a????e? ?a? d??t?a.
• ?a espe??d?e?d? ????? ??a t?p? s????a????s?? ?ta?
  ?est? µe???? µ??a ?a? ???a ???ta ??a p??? ap? 2
  eßd?µ?de? ?a? p???? s???a?a
• ??t?µet?p?s? pa?et?? st?? ????da ?a? a????

129
?daf???? apa?t?se??

• ?a espe??d?e?d? ?a???e?????ta? se ??a ta ed?f?
  (d?af??et??? ???µata ?a? pe?????? t?? ??sµ??).
• ??a?s??ta sta a?at???a ed?f? ?a? a?at???? ?e??
  ??de?s?? (?est?? pa?a?a??ss?e? pe?????? t??
  ?es??e???).
• ??a?s??ta sta ???? ed?f? ?a? apa?te?ta?
  ap?st?????s? ? f?te?s? p??? se saµ???a (?
  ???f???? p?? a??e?t???).

130
????ap?as?asµ??

• ?a sp??µata t?? espe??d?e?d?? e??a?
  p???eµß??????? ?a? ap?µ??t???.
• S?ed?? ????????t??? st?? ????da eµß???asµ?? t??
  p??????a? p??? se sp???f?t? ?p??e?µe?? µe
  ep???µ?t? ?a?a?t???st???.
• ??ad??as?a sp???? e?????ta? ap? ?a?p??? ?a?
  ?µesa se ta??? st? ?e?µ???p?? ??a f?t??s? (???
  ???a???), ta sp???f?ta a?apt?ss??ta? ?e?µ??a,
  ?????? ?a? ?a???a??? sta ta??? ?a? sa????e?,
  eµß???????ta? a???? f????p???? ? ??????? ?a?
  a?apt?sseta? t? eµß???? ? p?????ta? ???µ?µe?a.

131
????ap?as?asµ?? s????e?a

• ?at?stas? f?t????? st?? ????da?
• ?µß????f????? ap? ??at??? ?t?µata (ap? t? 2012 se
  ????, ????, ?????ast?? p?st?p???µ????
  eµß????f????) ? ap? ?p?? ?a e??a? (de?
  p?st?p???µ????? eµß????f????? ap? ?spa??a ?a?
  e?s?d? ???st?tsa? st?? ????da).
• ?p??e?µe?a ?p? pa??? st?? ????da ? ?e?a?t???.
  ???a ?a? ta ?ß??d?a t??f????? (Troyer, Carrizo
  ??a p??t??a??? ?a? µa?ta?????) ?a? Citrumello,
  Cuban Shaddock, Kleopatra, Swingle ?a? ??a
  ?eµ???? ? Volkameriana.

132
F?s??????a espe??d?e?d??

• ?p?t??p??? e?d?? µe ?a?a?t???st??? a?t?? t??
  e?d??. ???ad? µet? ap? ???e ?atap???s? ??a
  ß??st?s? ?a? ????s?. ?ts? µet? t? ???? t??
  ?e?µ??a (?es??e???) d?af???p?????ta? a???f????
  st? pe?s??? ???? ? ?a? ???? (? a???ta??e?) st??
  ?a???????a ß??st?s?.
• ???p????? pe???d?? ???as?a?, ????da ???? ????
  F????p???? ?a? µet? ?e?µ? pe???d??, ?es??e???
  d?f??e? ?eµ????? µe ???as?a t? ?a???a???.

133
F?s??????a espe?/d?? s????e?a

• Ge???? st?? ????da ?e?µ??a se d?a??p?
  ?e?t??????? (??? ???a???), ap? ???t?? ??a
  ß??st?s?, ???? ????s?, ??? t? ?a???a??? ta?e?a
  a??pt??? t?? ?a?p?? (??pa?s?, ??de?s?) ?a? ap?
  ??t?ß??? ???µa?s? (?? pe??ss?te?e? p??????e?),
  a????? ???µa?s? ??? ?a? t?? ep?µe?? ??????
  (?a???ts?a).
• ???µ?? ?a?p?? pa?aµ????? p??? st? d??t?? ??a
  µ??e? ?????ta? stad?a?? t?? p???t?ta t??? (pt?s?,
  p???? f?????, puffing, ??µ?, s??s? ?SS/?????).

134
F?s??????a espe?/d?? s????e?a

• ?e????? f???? ???µa?s? ????? ?? t? ed?d?µ? a???
  f????? ???µat??eta? µ??? µe ?aµ???? ???te?????
  ?e?µ???as?e?.
• G? a?t? ap?p?as???sµ?? 27C, 80-90 S?, 5-150
  ppm a????e????, e?ae??sµ??, 12-60 h.
• ???se?? ???µ?st?? a??pt???? sta espe??d?e?d? ???
  ?a?µa????? (d??f??a), a???s? ?a?p?des?? (GA),
  ??µ??? a?a??µa (a?????), µe??s? p??s???e?t????
  pt?s?? (a?????) ße?t??s? ???µat?sµ?? ?a?
  s?????t?ta? (GA), d?e????s? pe???d?? s????µ?d??
  (GA µe a?????).

135
F?te?s? - ???deµa - ??aµ??f?s?

• ?p?st?se?? f?te?s?? 5 5 µ se tet?????a. ???deµa
  µe t? ???? ?p?te ?a? ?s? ?????µe! ???? ??? ?a?
  s?e?et????deµa. ?????st? ???deµa ta p??ta ?t?.
  ???s??? ?a?µa????? ?a? p?d???. ?a?et??
• ??aµ??f?s? ??µ?? pa?t?? se ??pe??? - sfa??a.
• ???e? ???e? ??aµµ??? p???? f?te?s? f?t?f???t? µe
  µ??a???? ???deµa.
• ?pa?te?ta? s?????? f?te?s? ep?????ast?? µ??? st??
  ???µe?t??e? ?a? ta Tangelos.
• ?????? p??????e? µ??e? se ?p????e? ??? sp??µata.

136
??de?s?

• ???? ?a? ?a?a?? (??? ??ata) ?e?? ?at? t? ß?ast???
  pe???d?, pe??p?? 0,4 m3 /?µ??a /d??t??.
• ??de?s? µe sta???e? (pe?????? ????? pa?et???) ?
  µe µpe? ?aµ???? ????? (??a ???s? ?a? ??a
  a?t?pa?et??? p??stas?a a??? 3 f???? pe??ss?te??
  ?e?? ap? ?t? st?? ??de?s?, d??. gt3 m3 /st??µµa
  /??a).

137
??pa?s?

• ?????? ap? p??t??a?e??a
• µe 3 tn ?a?p?? (se kg) 7 N, 10 K, 2 Ca, 1 P, 1
  Mg, µe ta ??ade?t??? (se kg) 3 N, 0.6 K, 12 Ca,
  0.1 P, 0.4 Mg.
• ???t????? ?a??te?a se 3-4 d?se?? ?????? ?a?
  ?a???a???. ???t??a??? ?p?epe 400-800 g ?/100 kg
  ?a?p??, d??. µe 3 tn ?p?epe 12-24 kg N (Gaßa???,
  1971). ?eµ???? p?? p??? ?.
• ?fa?µ???? ap? p???? ?????a ?pe?ß?????? p?s?t?t??
  ? se espe??d?pa?a????? pe??????, ?p??e?a ?e??
  ??????da? ta p?? µ???sµ??a µe ??t???? (gt100ppm).

138
??pa?s? s????e?a

• ?????????? ??pa?s? f????d?a???st??? (4-6 µ????
  f???a se ??? ?a?p?f?????te? ß?ast???) ?a?
  pe??aµat????? se s??s? µe f????d?a???st???.
• ?s?a?? 0.3-0.5 kg N / ?t?? / d??t??, F????da 0.8
  kg N / ?t?? / d??t??.
• ?a??????? 30 kg ?a? F?sf??????? 12 kg t? st??µµa
  ???e 2-3 ?t?.
• ??????e? s??se?? µeta?? s???e?t??se?? ??pa?t????
  st???e??? ?a? p???t?ta? ?a?p??.

139
S????µ?d? -S?s?e?as?a- S??t???s?

• O??µ????? d?af??et???? ep???? a?????a e?d?? ?a?
  p??????a. ???µa f????? ??? a?t?p??s?pe?t???
  p????? f????. ? ?a??te??? de??t?? p???t?ta? ?a?
  ???µ?t?ta? ta ?SS/???a. ???a p???? ?a?
  ?a?a?t???st??? f?????, ??µ??.
• ???se?t??? s????µ?d? - µeta?e???s? ??a µe??s?
  s??e??.
• ?????sta s??t?????ta? sta ???e?a. ???t?????a 2-7
  C, ?eµ???a ?a? ß??t???a?p?? gt10 C.
• G?a eµp???? d?a????t???a, curing?, ????s? µe d??
  µ???t??t??a, t?p?p???s?, p??????.

140
T?ept??? a??a

• ?a espe??d?e?d? ?ata?a?????ta? e?te ??p? e?te (se
  µe?a??te?e? p?s?t?te?) sa? ??µ??. ????te?? sa?
  ?????, µa?µe??de?, ??t???? ???, ???a ?p?p?????ta.
• G?at? ta t??µe

141
?s???e?e? ?spe??d?e?d??

• ?s???e?e? ed?f??? a??e?t??? ?p??e?µe?a, p??????
• ????f????a st? ?eµ????
• ???s???e?t???? - µetas???e?t???? s??e?? ?a?p??
  (Penicillium, Phytophthora)
• ???a p????? ??se?? ???st?tsa (ap? 2001 ?a? st??
  ????da), ????s? (pa?t?? st?? ????da), s?st??f?
  f?????, ?µp?et?at???a, ?a?a??a - ????p???s?
  (µa?ta??????), e?????t? (?ß??d?a ???f?????
  e?a?s??ta, pa?t?? st?? ????da ??at? ?e?at???
  a??e?t???), ???st????t? (sp???a).

142
????. ?atap???µ?s? espe??d?e?d?

• ????? ????? ???e? ta te?e?ta?a 40 ?????a
• ?????e?d? ap? pa??? ß??aµe pa?as?t?e?d? Aphytis,
  Encarsia, Chilocorus
• G?a Parlatoria, Phylocnistis p??spa???µe µe
  ??a?e?? a?pa?t???
• G?a Planococcus ta Nephus, Leucopis
• ?a? f?s??? ??a t? Aleurothrixus ß??aµe t? Cales
  noacki

143
S???pt??? ??a ta espe??d?e?d?

• ???????e? ??a ep??tas? a?? e?d?? ?a? ep???
  ???µa?s?? (µ??a)
• ????? p???ap?as?asµ?? espe??d?e?d?? t?? ep??? t??
  ???st?tsa? (?p??e?µe?a )
• ?????e? se ? se s??d?asµ? µe ??de?s? µe ?e?? p??
  pe????e? ??t????
• ????d?? ??de?s?? a?????a t?? pe?????
• ?s???e?e? ?a? e????? ???a??µ???? se ?µ?de?
  (?????e?d?, µ???te?, ??se??, )
• ?e??s? t?? a???µ?? t?? spe?µ?t?? sta ?eµ???a
• ??af???p???s? a???f???? ?f?a?µ?? (p?? ?a? p?te
  ?a? ??at?)
• ?etas???e?t??? µeta?e???s? ?a?p??

144
?pa???a

• ?e???? pa???sµ?a pa?a???? (90 e?. t?????
  et?s???).
• ????e? ???e? pa?a????? ??d?a, ??a????a, ???a,
  ?s?µe?????, F???pp??e?.
• St?? ????da ?a???e??e?ta? st?? ???t?. ?a?a????
  4000 t?????.
• ?? ?a???e????µe?e? p??????e? e??a? t??p??e?de??
  ?a? p???????ta? ap? ?ß??d?sµ? d?? e?d?? t??
  ?????? Musa ?. acuminata ?a? M. balbisiana