Organic Farming

1
Introduction
2
Introduction

• O. Farming was used during old centuries.
• Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th
  century where biodynamic concept appeared in 1942
• Traditional conventional agriculture was the main
  system for food production after the 2nd world
  war.
• It depends on using pesticides for protection and
  chem. fertilizers for nutrition.
• Development of con. Agr. Was related with using
  of new synthesized chem.

3
Yield better extern quality

• Quality without concentration on the internal
  quality or minimizing env. Impact or protecting
  human health or solving social and economical
  negative effects evolved by this system (con.
  Agr. )
• Also long term cost increasing by continuous use
  of chem. degradation of used resources is
  negatives.

4
Farmers had recognized

• Low efficient of chemical to solve problems of
  producing softy crop
• Renewing of chemicals to protect plant
• Cost worry impact (env. - Human)
• So there should be a system that creates balance
  with nature and not to be against since useless
  to be against .

5

• International federation of organic
  agriculture movement at 1972 (IFOAM)
• It started with 5 organization the increased
  to100 Org. After 15 year in 25 country and now
  gt750 organization from 100 country main goal of
  it was to generalize (standardization) the
  concept of biological system that lead to
  evolvement of organic farming.

6

• Now o. f. is fastest growing food sector where
  growth in organic food sales is in range of
  20-25 pre year, especially in Europe , Latin
  America and USA. Total area of O. F. is triples
  in Europe and USA from 1995-2000.
• In arrogation o. f. land had increase 12.80
  in last 5 years but certified o. agriculture is
  occupying just 1 of land 1-2of food seals.

7
Development was at various levels

• International world trade of or. products Org.
• Nationally Organization adoption of
  legislations achieving objective of environment
  protection sustainable land use (agri.
  Environment measures)
• Example European law performing of O. F.
  Quality

8

• Retailer special sites is each market or O.P.
• Consumers look to other alternatives of Genetic
  modified Cv. other to that have residues.
• So. Great development in O.F. was by establishing
  of (IFOAM)
• Example that enhances shifting to words O.F.

9
Using of Alar Granulator in USA tumors

• Food contamination with Dioxin cancer damage
  the immune system affect -ve hormones system
• Develop of line stock disease by presence of
  residues as Borin spongi form Encephalopathy

10
Nitrate and Nitrite accumulation

• For concerns and other ,Government, encourage
  shifting and extend of O.F. system that respond
  to quality safety of food by haring premiums of
  price between 10-50 oner prices of conv.
  product
• Securing markets for org. products this in
  order to counter balance the loss due to
• Trade dominancy of non-organic products
• Lower productivity of organic relatively

11
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??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 0.1
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???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? 0.005
12
???? ??? () ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????
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?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (???/????)
??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? 0.005
1,2-dichloro-ethane ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????
Trichloro-ethylene ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? 0.005
????? ?????? ???????? ??????? 250
???? ????? ??????? ???? ???
??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????
?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????
13
???? ??? () ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????
??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (???/????)
???? ?????? ( Oldicarb ) ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? 1????/???
????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????
???????? (?????? ???? ) ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????
14
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15
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16
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17
So organic Agriculture (farming ) is
18
So organic Agriculture (farming ) is

• A process of cultivation that uses methods that
  respect the environment, natural balance, sustain
  ecosystem reaching to safety pure food which
  realizes good nutrition
• And animal will fares, good profits and social
  justice .

19
??? ???????

• 1-This system is looking for keeping Biodiversity
  
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ( ????? ???????? ???? )

20

• 2-This system is looking for soil enrichment for
  long period (protecting statues) where plant
  absorb from active living soil for production and
  not the opposite (soil enrichment for plant
  demand.
• ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?? .
• ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ?????
  ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???
  ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???
  ?????? .
• ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?
  ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???
  ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????
  ??? ????? ??????????.

21

• 3-No changing in plant nature or live stock
  characters or induce degrading of resource or
  damaging the environment.
• ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????

22

• 4-Also this system required the interaction
  integration of all producing factor as relation
  between crops and livestock within farm this
  relation is the basic point for environmental
  balance.
• Animal manure enough for soil enrichment which
  in turn provide animals with needed food. Also
  interaction between crops to improve nutritional
  condition interaction between benefit and
  destructive insects (pests).
• ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? , ?? ????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ???????
• ???? 1- ????? ???????? ??? ?????????(
  ????? ????????? ) ???? ??????
• ???? 2 - ( ??? ???????? ) ???? ??????? (???? N)
  ? ?? ???? ????? ????
• ???? 3 - ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? -
• ???? ???? ???? ?????
  ???? ???? ???? ????
• ???? 4 - ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? .

23

• 5-Also it realizes social and economic stability
  and reduces risk to farmer and his family. When
  prices are not below certain level leading to
  confidence between farmer, retailer and consumer
  or manufactures of food.
• ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? .

24
So, most important of O.F. is

• 1) Protecting natural balance
• 2) Keeping natural resources of water, soil
  environment factor from degrading
• 3) Aim of producing clean, safe products.
• ??????- ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
  ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?
  ????.

25

• What dose mean using compost, keeping benefit
  M.O. decomposition of manure soil improving crops
  (green crops), crops rotation and using other
  techniques than syntheses chemical, G.R., genetic
  modified cultivars in agriculture process

26
????? ?????????? -

• ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???
  ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ???????.
• ??????? ??????
• ??? ??????? ?????? ????? .

27

• 6-Finaly O.F controlled by laws and system where
  each government had established laws, which
  originated from standards of IFOAM.
• ?????? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? .
• ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? .

28
In contrast to

• 1) Conventional
• 2) O. farming is environment friendly, org.
  agric (did not use most of synthetic pesticides,
  fertilizers, Hormones, preservatives, G.M.O.
  Sewage sludge and irradiations. It also protect
  farmers against fraudulent practices throughout
  inspection and certification to all steps of
  production up to consumers

29
?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????

• ????? ??????
• ???? ??????
• ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????
• ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  ???? ???? ???? .

30

• 3) Permaculture develop by Mollison in 1970's.
  It is a landscape and social design system that
  works to conserve energy on-Farm (eg. Fuel
  formation from crops, fire woods, food calories)
  or to generate more energy than what required by
  consumer minimizing water consumption by
  coverage of beds with straw of farms. Care for
  natural assemblies, wilds, rehabilitation of
  degraded land and local self reliance are the
  basics for that system.

31

• 4) Traditional Agriculture All management
  practices that evolved from year to other to
  create agr. System adapted to local env. And
  culture and trading . did not use synthetics and
  in many cases but not it meets the standards of
  O.F.

32

• ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????
• ??????? ???????
• ??????? ?????????
• ??????? ?????????

33
??????? ?????????

• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ( ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????
  ) ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? .
• ??????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????
  ??????? ? ?? ??????
• ???? - ????? ??????? ????? .
• ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???????
  .
• ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ...
• ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? .

34
??????? ????????? -

• ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????
  ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????
• ??? ??????? ? ????? .

35
Principle of organic farming??????? ????????
??????? ???????

• 1- ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
• Environmentally appropriate
• 2- ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? .
• Technically applied
• 3- ?? ????? ? ??? ??????? .
• Economically viable
• 4- ????? ?? ????? ???????? .
• Socially accepted

36
All methods and process used in organic farming
are presented within these 4 basic standards
include

• ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????
  ?? ??? ??????? ???????
• 1. Planting crop that adapted to environmentally
  from natural point as place, soil, weather,
  season and water resources and not using
  genetically modified C.V. to be adaptated ?hard
  .
• ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ( ?????? ? ???? ?
  ??????? ? ??? ????? )
• ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????

37

• 2. Using the right agriculture process that on
  sure soil protection but to be chemical field
  through out the following
• ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????
• Protection of soil texture, not to destroy in by
  plowing at excess soil moisture or dry.
• ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ( ?????? ???? ???? ?????
  ??????? ? ?? ???? )

38

• Keeping soil layer, dont turn up soil to keep
  proper condition require, for cont. efficient
  activity of soil M.O. which varied among their in
  soil layer to live and reproduce so dont plow
  soil (10-125) cm ? just this deep.
• ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????
  ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ????
  ???????? ? ??????? .

39

• And if it is necessary for plow deeper it should
  be with types that move soil without the turning
  as chizel plow Soil enrichment by
• ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
  ?????? ?? ????

40

• Recycling of wasted organic product, after being
  composted.
• 1- ????? ????? ???????? ???????
• Green fertilizer (soil improved Crops).
• Alfalfa Clover ??? N 2- ????? ???????? ????
  ??????
• ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? .
• Crop rotation.
• 3- ??????? ???????? .

41

• 3- Coverage of soil surface at any cropping
  system, the coverage of soil surface with O.M.
  can realize the following advantages
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?
  ?? ???? ????? ?? ????
• ????? ??? ???????
• ?water evaporation.
• ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? .
• Avoiding formation of crust layer.
• ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? .
• ?soil tempt. during summer.
• ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ? ?? ?????? ??
  ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????.

42

• Minimizing variation between day and night tempt.
• ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????? ???
  ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.
• Enhanced of insect repellents.
• ???? ?? ???? ??????? ( ??? ?????? ??????? ) .
• Covering soil with layer of compost ? protect
  from powdery mildew diffusion in carrot other
  covering materials straw, saw particles to soil
  totally or to beds and cultivation.
• ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? Powdery mildew
  ??? ?????

43

• ?soil erosion.
• ????? ?????? ??????.
• Providing soil with further quantity of M. O.
• ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
  ?????? .
• Act as mulching of soil ? block weeds growth.
• ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????.
• Providing the soil with certain quantity of
  organic matter
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
  ??? ????? ???? ??????.
• ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? .

44

• 4- Using the O.M. in right manure in order to
  enrich soil, improve conditions for M.O. activity
  which interns by decompose process mask the
  required element by plant free in slow manner and
  proper with plant absorption ability.

45
Forms of O. matter to be incorporated

• Plant residues that can be mixed with pile of
  O.M. to be decomposed ?composed.
• Collecting all outer forms of OM. as animal
  manure to be decomposed or locally foment every
  period (ex. every 2 season) with upper layers of
  soil.
• Green crops (forages) that improve N by rhizobium
  and O.M. status of soil.

46

• Addition of rocks powder to compost and manure as
  those of volcanic and basalt rock improve the
  compost with (P) and other elements content
  (micro.) free organic acids are useful for plants
  and P is important to dry out manure and improve
  conservation of evolved N and decrease laying
  eggs.
• For this reason, it is allowed to the p rocks
  and not to use super phosphate since the 2nd is
  manufacture by H2SO4 chemicals synthetic in order
  to increase phosphate dissolving capacity.

47

• For this reason, it is allowed to the p rocks and
  not to use super phosphate since the 2nd is
  manufacture by H2SO4 chemicals synthetic in order
  to increase phosphate dissolving capacity. And
  this is not accepted by O. Farming system.

48

• 4- Encourage development and reproduction of
  earth worms in compost piles which create better
  aeration ?better M.O activity? better fertility
  status of soil when mixed with that compost .
• ??????? O.M ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????
  ?????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ????
  ????? .

49
????? ????????

• ???? ?? ?????? ?????? .
• ???? ??? ????? O.M ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????
  ?? ?? ???? .
• ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ? N ?
  ?????? ???????
• ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ?????
  ???????
• ?????? ?? ???????? Free organic acid
• ???? ???? ????? ((Manure ???? ??????
• ???? ?? N
• ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? ???????
  )

50

• ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????
  ?? ??????? ??????? .
• ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????
  ????? ???
• ?????? .
• ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? .
• ?????? ?????? ??? ????? .
• Leaching

51

• 5-collecting the liquid fertilizer leached from
  pile in specific hole and exposed it into good
  aeration to be analyzed completed and then could
  be asses into soil with limited quantity but
  frequently so as to apply water of irrigation
  after fertilizer application or with irrigated
  water.

52
????? ?????? ??????

• ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ? ????
• ? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? .
  
• ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? .
  
• ? ???? ?? ????.
• ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??
  ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? (Linear) ??? ?????
  ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????

53
??? ????? ?????? ??????

• ????? ????? .
• ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ??????.

54

• 6- Poultry manure ( Broiler, layer ) is add with
  limited quantity since they are rapidly
  decomposed ? not proper with absorption ability
  of plants .
• ???? ??????N ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????
  .
• ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????
  ?????????.

55

• Using of chemical (synthetic) is forbidden since
  pesticides are harmful to human being, animal
  also toxic to plant and soil M.O., also these can
  modify genetic makeup ?could cause cancer

56
????? ?????? ?????????

• ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? .
• ??? ??? ?????????
• ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????
  ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? .
• ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ?????
  ?????.
• ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?????
  ?????? ????? P.h ???? Micro
  organism

57
How we can protect and fertilize plants without
chemical ??? It is By

• 1- To Replace pesticides with
• A- Using plants that naturally tolerable through
  out the genetic make up (genetic engineering
  will in imbalance this is to tolerability
  character) so as to keep plants in long run.
• ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
  ????? .

58

• B- Planting plants in original places and in the
  right season ? epidemic of pest and
  diseases.
• ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????.
• C- Using good crop rotation system.
• ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
• ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????
  ????????.
• D- Right cultivation, draining system technique.
• ????? ???? ????? ???

59

• E- Enrichment of upper soil surface with O.M over
  can be used as Soil cover.
• ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????
  ????? ??????.
• F- Right plant spacing between plants and rows.
• ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? .
• G- Using repellent plants to surround or in
  between plant of crop as garlic against many
  insects.
• ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?
  ?????

60

• H- using all protective techniques other than
  chemical (Biological, physical, colored plates,
  attractive, barriers, muslin, nets, solar
  sterilization and local O.M. fermentation instead
  of pesticides which are harmful to human, animals
  , plants , soil that also modified Genetic make
  up ?cancer
• ??????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????

61
2 - To replace Herbicides

• Even at right doses, Herbicides induce
  imbalances in M.O. life and in plant physiology.
  O. agriculture did not require complete
  elimination of weeds? Will cause imbalance in the
  natural life but minimize their compete into
  crops by good crop rotation and right cultivation
  process and using free O.M. from weeds seeds and
  covering the soil with degraded types of mulch .
• ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????
  ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? .

62

• 3- To replace chemical fertilizer-
• Any fertilizer treated with acid to make if
  dissolving capacity much more and their
  availability to much high are forbidden. So, as
  alternatives using inert rocks as of P, volcanic
  rocks (Basilt ) and so on to O.M. This keeps
• 1.natural balance act
• 2.diversity that enable efficient act of birds ,
  beneficial insects specially at presence of IPM
  of min impact on environment

63

• ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???
  ?????? ?? ??????
• ??????
• 1- ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? .
• 2- ?????? ????????? ??????? ( Vermiculite )
• 3- ?????? ??????? O.M
• 4- ? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? (Toxic compounds
  ).
• ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????

64
Agriculture can be strongly applied for

• 1- Used since old Centuries
• ??????? ??? ????? .
• 2- Realizes integration between animal and plant
  sector good nutritional soil State and balanced
  food for animal
• ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? .
• 3- Success of O. Agriculture project in other
  countries and it's great development in cultural
  civilization
• ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??
  ????? ???????? .

65

• 4- Throughout research result it is possible to
  fertilizer soil with natural source and using
  I.P.M. instead of using chemicals
• ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????
  ???????? ???????? ??????? .
• 5- Minimizing the use of external inputs improve
  the budget to farmer pocket
• ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???
  ??????? .

66

• 6- Cooperation of cooperatives, societies and
  well relation between farmers, packagers,
  retailers and free trading and jutes between all
  members of organic producing projects to realize
  good economic level for all partners of product.
• ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???
  ???? ???? ?? ?? .
• ? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????
  ??? ??????? .
• 7- O. Product realized higher prices than conv.
  ?better return to every partner since the product
  is safe qualified since it is undergoes
  inspection, certification and labeling.

67

• ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????
  ??? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ? ???? ???????? .
• 8- Improve the social status all specially
  farmers family .since realize an accepted
  condition between producer ? retailer ?
  consume.
• ???? ????? ????????? ??????? .

68
Socially better for all??????? ???????? ???????
???????

• Fundamental objective for O.A according I FOD
  am requiting
• 1. Producing sufficient quantity of qualified
  product
• ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? .
• 2. Constructive interaction with all natural
  systems
• ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????
  ( ?? ?????? )
• 3. Encourage the presence of balanced biological
  system in the farm for M. organisms
• ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? .

69

• 4. Maintaining and improve soil nutritional
  status in along run
• ?????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??????? .
• 5. Using the renewable sources as much as
  possible throughout the local system of farm
• ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?
  ??????? ???????? ?- ??????? ????????? ?- ?????
  ????? ???????? ??????? .
• 6. External chemical source are X (Synthesized)
• ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????
  ??????.
• 7. Using the recycled resources.
• ????? ???? ???????? .

70

• 8. Allowing farms of animals to live naturally
  avoid using of food mixed with Synthesized
  chemicals.
• ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ( ?? ?????
  ???? ???? ??? ????? ) ( ???? ?? ??????? ) ?????
  ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ) .
• 9. Minimizing environmental pollution related to
  agricultural activity .
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????
  ???? ?? ??????? .
• 10. keeping the diversity of genetic sources in
  farm (plants and M. organisms) that many
  destroyed by using pesticides.
• ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ( ???? ???? ???????
  ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ) ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
  .

71

• 11. Good return to workers in is this system
  more safety of working ambient.
• ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ? ? ??????
  ???? ???? .
• 12. improving the environmental and social cond.
  of the dealers to system..
• ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??
  ?????? ( ??????? ??????? )
• 13. Producing that naturally analyzed later on
  and not modified.
• ????? ?????? ( ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? )

72
Local fermentation of manure
??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????
???????

• ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???
• Dry not fermented
• ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? .
• Could be applied in winter time or summer
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? .
• ???? ??? ??????? ???? 40 20 ???
• 20cm deep40cm for width
• 10kg of manure
• ??? ?? ?? 2.5 ? ( 10 ??) ?? ????? .
• 2.5m length ? 10kg
• ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ( ??? ?????? ) ??? ?????
  ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? .

73

• Local mixing
  
• ??? ????? ( ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ) .
• Irrigation lines check
• ???? ???? ???? .
• Covering with plastic mulch.
• ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???
  ????? ????????? ( ???? ???????) ????? ?????? .
• 6 weeks for fermentation
• ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????

74
????? ??? ??????? ?????

• Elimination of weeds
• 1- ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? (
  ????? )
• heat evaluates ?15cm? 47c
• 2- ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ( 47 ???? )
• 3- ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???????
  ??????? ??? ???????? .
• 4- ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ( ????? )
• 5- ???? ????? ?? ??????? .
• 6- ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ( ????
  ???? 50 ?? ???????? ??????? )

75
Soil sterilization

• ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? 80 ????
  ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ( ??????? ... )
• ?? 15 ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? (
  ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? .
• 60 70 c for 30 min.
  for 30 cm depth .
• ??? 8 ????? ???? ( ????? ???? ???? ??????? 25
  ???? )
• ??? ?? ???? ????? .

76
Soil Solorization

• ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????
  ????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??????? 70-80 ????
  ??? ????????? .
• ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ????
  ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????
  ??????? ???? ????? ??????? .

77
Main recourse in O .agriculture ????? ???????
???????

• local seeds to be produced, selected at the
  origin place of it is development that adapted to
  environment condition of that location. Normally
  farmers select the qualified seeds, conserve them
  at their area and so can be grown well in that
  condition of adaptation.
• Seed hybridization eliminate the diffusion of
  local ones, for example at USA 400 sp. were
  presented as local 90 years ago, but now less
  than 70 sp. are presented this trend similar all
  over the world

78
?????? ???????

• ???? ? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
  ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ???????
  ?????? ??????
• ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? .???
  ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? .
• ??? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????
  ????? ???? (?????? ???????) ???? ???? ??????? ???
  ?????? ??????? .

79
How we can keep local seed??? ????? ??? ??????
???????

• 1-survay study about what presented in each area
  and documenting it
• ??? ??????
• ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??
  ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ( ??? ?? ? ??
  ???? ??????)

80

• 2-work shops to raise awareness about the
  conservation of local seed .
• ??? ?????
• ??? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????????? .
• ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ? ??? ???
  ?? ???? .
• ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ( ???? ?????? ??????? ) .

81

• 3- Training courses about same subject .
• ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? .
• 4-Trials to improve production of local seed in
  each area (most adapted in each area) .
• ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????
  ?? ??????? ???????? .

82

• 5- Seed bank for local seeds.
• ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????
  ??????? .
• Local are adapted to never (dryness / low
  precipitation / high temp ) to soil condition of
  slope ' mild soil grovels' alkaline calcareous
  even saline. Able to resist a lot of pest which
  good for o.agriaculture and biological control .

83

• ???????
• 1- ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? .
• 2- ? ????? ??????? .
• 3- ? ???? ?????? ( ????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????
  ? ?????? ? ????? )
• 4- ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? .

84
Local are adapted to economic condition ??????
??????? ??????? ?????? ???????

• Easy to market the production at local market
  what ever fresh or conserved .
• ???? ??????? ( ?????? ????? ) ???? .
• Preferred by a lot as safe product (high prices)
  .
• ???? ????? ?? ?????? ( ???? ? ??? ? ??? ????? ?
  ??? ? ?????? ? ?? ???????? )

85

• Low system cost used in production tradition .
• ??? ???? ?? ????????? .
• Can be change to other types of product by
  processing? x overcrowding and improve food
  process .
• ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????
  ???? ???? .
• Risk is low and steady profit ?stable return
• ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
  ??????? .
• ??????? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???
• Local are socially adapted since trans developed
  skills from generation to other

86
?????? ??????? ??????? ????????

• 1-great well to consume local, fresh, conserve
  but safe product and highly qualified and good
  taste and chance to realize an income for local
  farmer by selecting, conserving good seed all
  these .

87

• Conserve environment .
• 1- ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? .
• Social stability.
• 2- ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? 1- ??? ???
  ??? ? 2- ??? ???? ? 3- ????? .
• Nationally important security food .
• 3- ?????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? .
• Independent decision since no need for external
  market
• 4??????????? ?????? .
• Protect water table from pollution .
• 5- ????? ????? ?? ?????? .
• Protect env. since rate of chemicals to be used
  by presence of local is low if compared with
  hybrid once .

88
????? ?????? ?? ??????
The hybrid Local
need new seed for each season ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? . 1-conserve for coming seasons ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? .
grow well with chemical ???? ???? ?? ?????????? . 2- grow well with manure ???? ???? ?? ?????
pesticide are needed ?? ?? ?? ???????? . 3- adapted to env. tolerate Pest ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? .
89
The hybrid Local
concentrate on form volume and color ????? ???????? ( ????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ) excellent taste ??? ????? ( ????? ????? ) .
withstand export and trans and conserve for long period ????? ??????? . 5-rich in nutrient ???? ??????? ???????? .
shorter production period but more dense . ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? . longer production period steady increase . ???? ????? ????? ( ???? ??????? )
raise detains and one but of or other chemical sure needed ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????? . can tolerate a lot of pests ????? ?????? ?? ???????
90
The hybrid Local
traiding purposes . ??? ????? ????????? . 8- maltipurposes env. economic social ?????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
limited degraded genetic character ???? ?? ?????? ???????? 9- Keep important genetic character ?????? ??? ?????? ????????
should be irrigated with a lot of manure . . ??? ???? ?????? ??????. 10- adapted into dry condition ??????? ?? ??????
91
Compost

• The biological analysis of O.M. residues from
  animal or plant origin under certain condition
  reaching to humus form
• ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? ??????
  ???? ????????? ( ?????? ??? ) ???? ???
• Humus form after which no further analysis will
  occur but release of N. element in slow manner.
• ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ????
  ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.

92

• This final form of no odder / fine texture and
  structure /black to dark brown color / fragmented
  similar to soil in it's odder rich in most of
  nutritional elements (both micro and macro )
• M. organism needed for soil bioactivity and also
  organic fibers .
• Composting occur naturally for residues or could
  be by processing.

93
Why to be processed ?

• Humus is good alternative to all fertilizer if
  process is left to occur naturally, then the
  active bacteria need a lot of N competing grown
  plants on available N in soil ?appear as symptoms
  of deficiency up to the death of bacteria where
  (N) with be of better level to plant but earlier?
  (N)could affect negatively on plant growth and
  productivity.

94
???? Humus

1. ?? ???? ????? .
2. ??? ?????? .
3. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? .
4. ??????? ????? ?? ????? ( ???? ).
5. ???? ????? ?????? .
6. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? .

95

• ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????
• 1- ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? .
• (?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? )
• ???? ????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ???
  ?????????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????
  .
• ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ???????? . ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???
  ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
  .

96
Process of composing realizes

• fast production of humus in some cases could be
  finished within 2 week
• evolved heating organic acids by process
  eliminate causal agents of diseases weed seed
• ????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ????
  ???? ???? ? ????? ( ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???????
  )
• enrichment of soil with organic matterand various
  N. elements improve soil character , texture ,
  structure.
• ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
  ?????? .

97

• decrease water consumption up to 30
• healthy plants are more able to resist infections
  by pest (fungal disease)
• reduce absorption of toxicants their
  accumulation in the plant
• reduce cost of using chemical fertilizer
• better soil aeration.
• ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
  ????? ??????? .

98

• balance between varies nutrient element (P x K)
• better balance soil pH.
• ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? .
• better root penetration in soil
• when cover the soil acts as mulch
• ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????
  ??????? .
• good economic return when processed and sold
• ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????
  ??? ??????? ?? ??????

99

• avoid certain extant extreme level of temp
  keeping range within expected and preferred one
• ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????????
  ???? ????
• ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ???????
  ?? ??? ?????? ???? .

100
Humus sources are organic from????? ??????
???????

• kitchen or house residues
• manufactures
• ?????? ?????? ( ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ? ??
  ???????? ? ?????? ?????? )
• farm residues plant
• Animal manure

101
Non fermented Humus ( fermented )
Nutrient found in complexes hard to absorb by plant absorbed by low quantity nutrient element are available in higher , easier absorbing forms
High quantity of chemical fertilizer to be added as supplement low quantity of fertilizer to be added as supplement
Not clear with short time you should complete with chemicals plant response is clear and it is noticed within short period even at absence of chemicals
Hard to deal with not fragmented , bad odor , not homogenous easier to deal with, since it is odorless , aggregated , homogenous
Included free from pest weeds seeds
102

• very important to have CN ratio of 30 1
• if N portion is lower (CN is gt30 1 )
  M.O. that depended on N as food will be of lower
  activity so reduce composition rate longer
  period so you have to add N chemical
• if N portion is high (CN is lt30 1 )
  fast composting rate much release of
  ammonia odor by nitrification of excess N into
  ammonia gas
• rich sources with organic N can be mixed with the
  composting pile ( legumes residues , green
  sources )

103

• ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? 301 ???? ?? ??????????
  ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????
  ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? .
• ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????
  ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????
  ???? ????? ? ???? ???? .

104
The following component can be included in
compost

• yard waste
• Farm waste characterized by specific chemical and
  physical characters hat show lower E.C value than
  manure
• do not add oak pine leaves more than 1 since
  show acidic conditions for the compost
• do not use walnut leaves
• If added you should wait for one year before
  being used? toxic Jugine material that analyzed
  after 1 year
• residues of graminae rich in C while legumes rich
  in N? balance to reach to CN ratio 30 1

105

• fresh manure ( green ) rich in water 70-80
  CN ratio less than 301 since it rich in N
• true or false the green plants are rich with
  water and the CN ratio is less than 301
• true
• banana peels rich in ca ,p , s
• feather rich in N mixed with slow analyzed as
  straw , pine , oaks to enhance the fermenting rate

106

• food waste CN ratio is 12 15 1 not much
  preferred to be added also it is attractive to
  insect , Rodent, mice and bad odor? may cause
  diseases to dealers.
• ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 15 1 ??? ??????
  ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ?
  ??????? ? ??? ??????? ( ?? ??????? ??????? )

107

• limes to modify slightly pH to alkaline
  condition
• alkaline low M.O activity ?NH4 as a
  result of low M.O fermentation activity
• ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????
  ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? .
• 7. saw dust CN ratio is 400-5001
  slow rate so it is added in fine layers good N
  sources are mixed as feathers

108
8. Animal manure

• Can be locally mix with the soil up to 15-20 cm
  depth ?fermented ?safe products during winter or
  summer (fermentation solarization) if the mixed
  beds are covered intimately with mulch.
  efficient in control weeds seeds causal agents
  of diseases at the rate of
• 10 kg/m2. If you want just O.M. and fertilizer
  requirement from manure (no need for treating the
  soil) then rate is ?? and could be in this case
  2-4 kg/m2 of cow or horse and 0.4-0.8 kg/m2 of
  sheep.

109

• Can be added into the pile of compost in order to
  provide M.O. with good source food activate their
  fermenting rate improving the nutritional status
  of the pile.

110
What are the materials to be added of the soil?
Excluded from pile K P N Materials included
Tobacco ?Toxic 0.5 0.3 0.5 Cow Manure with saw bed. ??? ????? ?? ?????? .
Waste water heavy metals 3 3 4 Poultry manure (pure).?????? ??????.
Skins? heavy present process 0.05 6 2.4 Rabbits with saw ?????? ???????
Milk product? attracts insects bad odor 0.2 0.4 1 Sheep (pure) ???????
Newspaper? ink is rich with Pb 0.4 0.2 0.4 Horses (pure) ?????
111
Excluded from pile K P N Materials included
Infected plant 0.7 1.3 15 Blood???? ?????
Cats dogs residues? diseases 0.2 21 4 Grinded bones. ?????? ????????
Fats? Hardly analysis 1.2 1.3 3.2 Cotton seeds
Fish attracts insects bad odor Very low 1 4 Pig manure
MeatOils? Hardly analysis
112
?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????

1. ?????? ???? ??? ( ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??
   ??????? ) )
2. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? .
3. ???? ????????? .
4. ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??????
   .
5. ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??? ????
   ???? .
6. ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? .
7. ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? .
8. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? .
9. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? .
10. ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? .

113
Sources of compost
Rich in C (brown) Rich in N(green)
Dry material, Dry brown weeds, Dry leaves and foliages Grain remain parts Barley, Remained parts of burned woods Walnut peels Brown leaves at senescence stage Remained of pruning process Straw of field crop, Papers and newspaper and journals but they are rich in Pb ????. Fresh material (moistened) Fried food materials Egg peels Indoor plant residues , Legumes peel , Vegetables fruits , Green weeds before seeds form , Green leaves at active stage Manure (different sources) Flowers , bread , onion , orange , , Remaining of apples and banana , Remaining of slaughters, as bones, dry blood Sea weeds Remaining of fish.
114
Rate of degradation for material included in ????
?????? ( ???? ?????? ) compost
Remarks Rate Material
Rich in Ca Na. ????? ??????? ???? ???????? Not degraded. ?? ????? Remained of burned Woods ??????
Low quant. since ?N. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?????????? fast Dry blood.???? ?????
Should be cut into pieces mix with those show fast good degradation Very hard Cabbage stems remaining parts. ????? ??????? .
Good N source fast Green weeds
115
Remarks Rate Material
Cut into small pieces mix with fast good degradation hard Stalked of wheat barley
Dont use meat residues ? Attractive mice. ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? . Good- hard Kitchen residues
Separate piles, small pieces mix with fast or good Very hard Dry leaves-old
Mix with fast Good hard Horse manure residues
116
Remarks Rate Material
Low quant. not alone fast Poultry manure
Mix with straw woody parts that not easy. ????? ????? ? ??? ????? . Easy Newspapers (?Pb)
???? ?? ???? ? ??????? ?????? . good Green potato plants
From pruned parts Mix with fast-good as green Relatively hard Green stems
117
Remarks Rate Material
Low quant. After being chopped (Draining). Very hard (not be used) Woody stem
Since very hard and? CN ratio Very slow (not be used) Saw particles
Chopped moistened Mix with fast-good ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? Hard to very hard straw
Has ?N and?Na,so used at rate of 1 urine 3 water fast Animal urine
118
How to make pile

• Representative location (post) that realize
  easiest min. cost O. M. collection and
  distribution after ferment. far from houses. How
  to be collected, types of O.M. to be used.
• 1- ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? .
• ( ????? ?? ?????? ) ? ??? ?????? ???? ???
  ???????? .
• Manure to be used or manure with the beds.
• 2- ?? ??? ????????? ( ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ) ?
  ???? ???? ?????? .
• Water to be used avoids pile dryness, source of
  water.
• 3- ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ???? ???
  ??? ????? ???? ?????? .
• to which field compost will be distributed and
  how to be distributed. 4- ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????
  ?????? .

119

• Not to be exposed to prevailed wind?use wind
  break to avoid dryness of pile or in shaded
  places to ?loss of water.
• 5- ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???
  ?????? ( ????? ????? )
• Location with proper area to have all O.M. for
  management easy to reach clean from previous
  residues.
• 6- ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?
  ?????? ????? .
• Location near water sources far from home to
  avoid bad odor -ve effects of insects. ???? ??
  ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ???????

120

• Collecting all sources ? or storing what
  available up to have sufficient Q. for pile
  making. Or to make many piles if possible to be
  managed (for example weekly)
• 8-. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???
  ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????
  .
• Usually what available is added gradually into
  made pile.
• 9- ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ( ???? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ( ???? ??
  ??????? )) .

121

• 10. pile normally with 2-3m Width x 1.5-2m
  height while length is depending on Q of O.M it
  is preferred to build small then big pile along
  the time . at Big pile ,O2 not easy to filtrate
  long time At small one Temp , rises is not
  enough .
• 10- ???? ?????? ????? ?? 2-3 ? ? ???????? 2 ? ?
  ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? .
• ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? 60?? ??? ?
  ?????? ??? ??? ??????
• ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? .
• ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????
  ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? .
• ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 5 ???? ???
  ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ??
  ??? ??? ????? ??????? .
• ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
  ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??
  ?????? ??????? .

122

• min. volume is 1m3 , if in hole not gt 60cm as
  depth where big branches , old ones at the bottom
  of hole ? aeration drainage. Then distributed
  O. M. (normal type ) layer by layer of 15 20cm
  per each layer and mixing those of H. CN to
  those of L. CN if O. M. is form fresh plants
  ----layers of 10 cm or less if O.M. from fresh
  manure ---2cm than mix with good sources of O.M.
  ----moisting of each layer

123

• It is important to mix weeds particle and saw
  particles with chopped stem or branches to
  improve aeration when arrange in pile.
• At 50 cm height of the pile openings should be
  done by inserting for example corn stem at 1m
  space
• Movement system ?H. Diameter of openings to
  improve aeration. The pile after that (at the
  end adding layers) is covered with a layer of
  soil mud or straw and corn stem and to be remove
  at next day at cover ?enable H. in temp. inside
  the pile.
• 4-5 days later, all the openings are cover to
  avoid moisture loss and temp. drops

124

• ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??
  ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????.
• ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 10 ??
  .
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???
  ?????? ?? 2 ??.
• ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??
  ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ????????.
• ? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??
  ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ??????? ??????????.
• ??? ???? ?????? ( 50-60 ) ???? ???? ????? ?????
  ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ? ????
  ?????? ? ???? (2-3) ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????
  ???????

125

• ????? ?? ??? 1 ? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
  ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? .
• ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???
  (4-5) ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?
  ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ( 80 -90 ) ?????
  ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???
  ??????? .

126
The flowing point to be taken in consider

• 1-arrangement of layer in right manure humming .
• 1- ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ?? ????
  ? ??????? .
• 2-moistining of layer if they are from dry
  sources .
• 2- ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? .
• 3-mixing within each layer material realize 301
  as CN ratio .
• 3- ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????
  .

127

• 4-covering pile with straw or soil layer
• Care of pile It is important to have fast
  degradation, other wise will be slow
• So moistening of pile( keep good moisture )
  mixing (keep good aeration)
• At winter time pile is covered with plastic sheet
  to avoid excess moisture.
• When temp. at mid of pile reach 45 ?C, open the
  pile and mix. inward outward and visa versa
  downward upward and visa versa.

128

• ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ?? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ( 1. ??????
  ??? ?????? ? 2. ???? ???? ??????? ? 3. ??? ????
  ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ) .
• ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ???
  ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????
  ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? .

129

• This process is repeated in 2ed week also. Temp.
  at the beginning, should not be less then
  55-65?C. some time could reach to 75 ?C, at which
  a lot of diseases agents are killed. 75 ?C are
  recorded when the pile is carefully moistened and
  included H.N. sources.
• O.M. Degradation is highly effected at these
  condition and H. energy in term of heat this
  degradation is done by bacterial organisms

130

• ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? 45 ???? ??????
  ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? (?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?
  ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ) ???? ????? ????? ??
  ??????? ?????? .
• ??? ??? ??? ????? 75 ???? ????? ? ??????? ????
  ??? ( ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ) ???? ??? ? ???
  ???? ???????? .

131
Three types of bacteria are active

• 1-Thermophilic fast degradation at H. temp..
• ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ???????.
• 2- Mesophilic fast degradation at medium temp.
• ????? ???? ??????? ???????? .
• 3- Xerophilic fast degradation at low temp.
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????.

132

• Average level of temp. in pile are correlated
  with external atmospheric temp. Summer period
  records H. energy evolvement than winter at which
  good level of temp. are recorded at the mid of
  high pile.
• By the end of degradation period volume of pile
  is lt50 of original volume and rarely to reach up
  to 70 or 80 of original volume specially at
  presence of big branches that show slow
  degradation rate.

133

• ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??
  ??????.
• ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? .?
• ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????
  ?????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????
  ???? ????? ?????? 70 ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? .

134
Mixing of pile component is impotent

• 1-since mid portion of the pile shows H. temp.
  While external show L. temp. so mixing is to
  expose all component into H. temp. killing of
  insects, diseases and weed seed.
• Alsofaster decomposition rate better homogeneity
  of human product.
• 1- ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??
  ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ? ? ??? ????
  ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???
  ??? ?????????? .

135

• 2-Better aeration better M.O. activity.
• 2- ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????
  ???? ????????? .
• 3-Chance to moist all dry portion of pile.
• 3- ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? .
• 4- Frequent of mixing is 1 time /week but could
  be H. if temp. H. over or up to 60c and L. if
  temp. drops below 35c. frequent L. Gradually up
  to be 1 time/month at H. temp. mixing is to over
  come presented H. heat .
• 4- ???? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? (
  ??? 60 ) ???? ?? 3 ????
• ??? ??????? (??? ?? 35 ) ???? ??? ?? ??????? .
• ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? .

136
Decomposition ??????? ??????? ???

• Temp. at the pile By decomposition, energy
  involved ? ? the pile Temp.
• At range of 35C-60C good ?. Fast depositiongt
• lt 35C ? slow rate to very slow.
• gt 60C ? a lot of M.O cant survive, delay
  decomposition process (70C or more).
• At summer good N source ? small piles are
  preferred 1m3.

137

• ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???
  ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????
  ????? 70 ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? .

138

• Frequent mixing? at ? temp. to refresh O2 get
  better homogeneity of decomposition eliminate
  excess heat that may kill M.O. cause
  development of fires.
• ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?
  ??? ??????
• 1- ????? ?????? ? ???????? .
• 2- ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? .
• 3- ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???
  ?????? ???? ??????? .

139

• O2 For life of M.O. activity that can
  tolerate up to 5 as minimum, but if O2 up to
  10 ? Micro. act anaerobic condition ? bad odors
  of evolved Methane hydrogen sulfate gasses, the
  odor is looking like that of the bad eggs.
• ????? ????? ??????
• ????? ????????? 5 ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? 10 ????
  ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? (
  ??? ???? )? ???? ??? ??????? .
• O2 enrichment to pile is done by
• At the Small to Normal piles ? replacement of hot
  air (that moves from inside to outside) by cold
  one (rich in O2) from out to inside. And so
  diffused to all part of pile.
• ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???
  ????? ????? ? ?????

140

• At big ? Natural replacement is not enough order
  especially at excess moisture mixing or
  presence of pipe or fans ? O2.
• ?????? ??????? - ????? ? ????? ???? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?
  ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????
  ?????? ???????

141

• Moisture At moisten pile, activity of M.O. is
  much gt than at dry once. Excess moisture ? air
  movement ? anaerobic condition ? bad odor so
  should mix with material to induce dry as paper
  or wood pieces.
• ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ???
  ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? .

142
Highly irrigation pile has the best M.O activity.
(False)

• Normally component, of pile should have 40-60 as
  water as incase of green sources some weeds which
  seam to be dry but in fact it contains good water
  content in cells what at dryness of weeds? water
  released. important to mix with moisture and
  avoid an aerobic cond. rough materials?imp. For
  aeration drain excess moisture.

143

• ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??
  ????? ?????.
• ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??? ??
  ???? ???? ????? ???? ( ??? ? ??? ) ????? ???????
  ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??
  ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???
  ???? ?? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??
  ??????? ?????? .

144

• Peak structure of pile is important to? water
  absorption while concave one Increase water
  absorbing quantity especially at rain condition?
  an aerobic condition.
• ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????
  ( ????? ? ?? ) ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????
  ??? ?????? .

145
We can enrichment pile with water by

• Mixing at raining days or moisten during mix.
• 1- ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ?????? ???
  ????? .
• Fixing pipes inside pile connected to valves to
  open water and close ?dry leaves need 30 gallons
  of water per each 1m3of these leaves.
• 2- ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??
  ???? ??? .
• ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? 30 ????? ??? 1?3
  .

146
4- pH

• optimum rang for m.o. activity is 5.5-8.5pH
  ?good decomposition. But released of Organic acid
  in early stage of decomposition process ??in ph ?
  development of parasites, lignin, cellulose. If
  ph ?to 4.5 ? activity of M.O. ?mix ventilation
  is important to return back with ph to (5.5-8.5)
  or add lime to rise ph.
• ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 4.5 ?? ??? ??? ????
  ?? ???? ???? ????????? .
• ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? .. ?? ???? ??
  ??????? ... ? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????
  ??????? .

147
5- Balance of N element

• Proper Q. of P, K, N, and micro (Ca, Fe, Brom) is
  imp. For continuity of M.O activity this can be
  realized by diversification ???? in pile
  component that provide good level of each N
  element
• ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????
  ?????? ???????? ?
• Diversification .

148
Check of decomposition process

• To ensure right process by checking temp. Daily
  from various position in the pile.
• Moisture content weekly.
• ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ( ???????
  ??????? )
• Physical character and changes in it.
• ?????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? .
• Evolvement of odor.
• ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
  ????? .

149

• ? most import. is temp where at low levels of
  temp. ?indicates ?RH in pile anaerobic process.
  ?moisture content ?CN ratio ?never get 50?C
  -70?C in start time after decomposition.
• At this moment, physical check is procedure to
  find out, weather, anaerobic condition or
  compactness of certain part or bad odor or excess
  moisture or black to green color of certain part
  of the pile.
• Good aeration can avoid a previous points.