Saving for a Rainy Day

1
Saving for a Rainy Day
Interest Grabber

• Suppose you earned extra money by having a
  part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to
  spend all of the money, but then you decide to
  open a bank account.
• 1. What are the benefits of having a bank
  account?
• 2. What do you have to do if you need some of
  this money?
• 3. What might your body do when it has more
  energy than it needs to carry out its
  activities?
• 4. What does your body do when it needs energy?

Section 8-1
2

• Chapter 7 Nutrition
• Chapter 8 Prentice Hall text

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Why do we need energy???
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Copy these two Note cards down!
Do Now
Front Back
ATP Energy Mitochondria Cellular Respiration (3) phosphate groups Ribose 3. Adenine
1. 2. 3.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is considered by
  biologists to be the energy currency of life.
• It is the high-energy molecule that stores the
  energy we need to do just about everything we do.
  
• As food (glucose) in the cells is gradually
  oxidized (broken-down), the released energy is
  used to re-form the ATP so that the cell always
  maintains a supply of this essential molecule.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• The energy currency of life.
• Chemical energy (Fuel) stored and release for the
  body
• Cells Use to store and release energy
• 3 parts

Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
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ATP Structural Formula
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Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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ATP
ATP Synthesis
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ATP Cycle
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ATP Chemical Energy
Section 8-1
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ATP Cycle
Hydrolysis of ATP   H20 ATP ? ADP
P ENERGY
Dehydration Synthesis of ATP   ADP P
ENERGY ? H20 ATP
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Nutrition
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Nutrition

• The activities by which living things obtain or
  (create food) and process it for growth and
  repair of their body cells.
• Two Types
• Autotrophic Nutrition
• Heterotrophic Nutrition

Not to eat
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Types of Nutrition
Section 8-1

• Autotrophs organisms that make their own food.
• Photosynthetic converts inorganic materials
  (H2O, CO2) into an organic usable form (glucose)
• Heterotroph must obtain their nutrients from
  their environment
• cannot convert sunlight

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Is algae a plant?

• What organisms produce the most free atmospheric
  (usable) oxygen?

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Is algae a plant?

• Algae, like land plants, capture the suns energy
  and support the food web that leads to fish and
  shellfish. 

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Is algae a plant?

• They occur in a size range from tiny microscopic
  cells floating in the water column
  (phytoplankton) to large mats of visible
  macroalgae that grow on bottom sediments.

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75 of the earth oxygen
Global Biomass lt 1 of the plant biomass on
earth            BUT responsible for nearly
half the net photosynthesis of the biosphere!
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What is phytoplankton?

• Phytoplankton (from the Greek words phytos
  plant and planktos wanderer)
• Phytoplankton, microscopic plant life that floats
  freely in the lit surface waters, may alter the
  color of the water.

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What is phytoplankton?

• When a great number of the microscopic plants are
  concentrated in an area, the color of the ocean
  surface will change.
• This is called a "bloom." This photograph shows
  such a change in color.

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What is phytoplankton?
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Nutrition
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic

• Autotrophs can make their own
• Food (Glucose)
• Plant, algae, and some bacteria
• 2 types
• Chemo synthesis Photosynthesis
• Uses chemicals
• Like Sulfur
• and Nitrogen to
• Make its own food

• Re Ingest, digest, egest
• All Animal and fungi,
• some bacteria
• Types of Digestion
• Mechanical/physical
• using teeth to chew
• Chemical
• using enzymes acids
• Where it Takes place
• Intracellular Dig
• Extracellular Dig

• Uses sunlight, CO2
• And water to create sugar.
• Uses 2 reactions
• a. Light reaction
• b. Dark reaction

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Why is it important?
Microscopic plant life is at the base of the
marine food web and is the primary food and
energy source for the ocean ecosystem.
Phytoplankton converts sunlight with the help of
the green pigment chlorophyll. The chlorophyll
pigments in the plants absorb light, and the
plants themselves scatter light. Together, these
processes change the color of the ocean as seen
by an observer looking downward into the sea.
Very productive water with a lot of plankton
appears blue-green. Very pure water appears
deep-blue, almost black.
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82 Photosynthesis An Overview
Section 8-2

• A. Investigating Photosynthesis
• 1. Van Helmonts Experiment
• 2. Priestleys Experiment
• 3. Jan Ingenhousz
• B. The Photosynthesis Equation
• C. Light and Pigments

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Wavelengths effects on Photosynthesis

• Which Wavelengths are the best for photosynthetic
  plants?
• Which Wavelength is the worst?

http//seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html
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Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and
Chlorophyll b
Section 8-2
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
V
B
G
Y
O
R
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Wavelengths effects on Photosynthesis
http//seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html
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Trapping Energy
Interest Grabber
Section 8-2

• Have you ever used a solar-powered calculator? No
  matter where you go, as long as you have a light
  source, the calculator works. You never have to
  put batteries in it.

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Interest Grabber continued
Section 8-2

• 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells
  that are found in rows along the top of the
  calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light
  energy converted so that the calculator works?
• 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the
  sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the
  light energy converted by plants?
• 3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they
  are, have some parts that are green. Which parts
  of a plant are usually green?
• 4. What does the green color have to do with the
  plants ability to convert light energy into the
  energy found in the food it makes?

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Photosynthesis

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Section Outline
Section 8-3

• 83 The Reactions of Photosynthesis
• A. Inside a Chloroplast
• B. Electron Carriers
• C. Light-Dependent Reactions
• D. The Calvin Cycle
• E. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

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Do Now
Section 8-3
includes
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
to produce
to produce
of
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Do Now
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
Light independent reaction , dark reaction
,Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Stroma
ATP
NADPH
to produce
to produce
of
High-energy sugars
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Photosynthesis Reactants and Products
Light Energy
Chloroplast
Sugars O2
CO2 H2O
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Factors Affecting the rate of Photosynthesis

• Temperature
• Light Intensity
• Carbon Dioxide Concentration

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Chloroplasts
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Chloroplasts
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Chlorophyll

• Chlorophyll a The green photosynthetic pigment
  common to all photosynthetic organisms.
• Chlorophyll b An accessory chlorophyll found in
  green algae and plants.
• Chlorophyll c An accessory chlorophyll found in
  some protistans.

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is the process of using inorganic reactants to
create organic molecules. It is composed of two
major reactions.
Photosynthesis

• The light Independent reaction
• aka photolysis, photochemical reaction
• Occurs in the Grana
• The Light Independent reaction
• aka Calvin Cycle, Dark Reaction
• Occurs in the Stroma

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_________?______
12 (H2O)
6(CO2)
Oxygen (6O2)
AKA Glucose
C6H1206
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_________?______
Products
Reactants
?
Oxygen (6O2)
AKA Glucose
6(CO2)
12 (H2O)
C6H1206
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Light Reaction
Oxygen (6O2)
Chloroplast
I am out of here!
12 WATER molecules
(H2O)
12 Hydrogen
12 Hydrogen
AKA Photolysis
(This all occurs In the Grana.)
NADPH ATP
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(This all occurs in the Stroma.)
Dark Reaction Calvin Cycle Light
Independent Reaction
NADPH ATP
12 Hydrogen
12 Hydrogen
Carbon Fixation
6(CO2)
C6H1206
6(H20)
AKA Glucose
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The Food Factory
3
4
1
?
?
?
2
6
5
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Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis An Overview
Section 8-3
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP
ADP P
Light- Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
ATP
NADPH
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Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis An Overview
Section 8-3
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP
ADP P
Light- Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
ATP
NADPH
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Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Section 8-3
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Chloroplast
Photosystem II
ATP synthase
Inner Thylakoid Space
Thylakoid Membrane
Stroma
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation
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Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle
Section 8-3
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
ChloropIast
5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar Produced
Sugars and other compounds
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Video 1
Video 1
ATP Formation

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Video 2
Video 2
Photosynthesis

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Video 3
Video 3
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Video 4
Video 4
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Video 5
Video 5
Calvin Cycle

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Summary of some key points in Photosynthesis
1. Photosynthesis is the major energy-storing
process of life (light energy stored as chemical
energy in organic compounds)2. CO2 and H2O are
raw materials3. Products are sugar and oxygen4.
Light energy is absorbed by pigments and drives
the reactions of photosynthesis5. ATP and NADPH2
are formed during the light reactions6. Oxygen
of water is liberated as a gas7. Steps of Calvin
Cycle are controlled by enzymes.8. Light
reactions occur in the granaDark reactions occur
in the stroma

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Light Reaction,

• OVERALL - use of light energy to generate two
  high-energy compounds, ATP and NADPH2
• ATP
• When light is absorbed by chlorophyll, some of
  its electrons become excited and leap out of the
  chlorophyll molecule, grabbed by energy
  receptors.b) The energy of these electrons is
  used to make ATP from ADP Pi
• 2) NADPH2
• When light is absorbed by chlorophyll, some of
  its electrons become excited and leap out of the
  chlorophyll molecule, grabbed by energy
  receptors.b) These electrons are then used to
  convert NADP to NADPH2
• 3) The lost electrons in chlorophyll are replaced
  from electrons of oxygen in water When e- are
  removed from water, oxygen is produced as a
  by-product of photosynthesis, water is split -gt
  2H (protons) 2e- 1/2 O2 (gas) (Note - NADP
  2e- 2H lt-gt NADPH2)

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NADPH
nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP)   A substance to which electrons are
transferred from photosystem I during
photosynthesis the addition of the electrons
reduces NADP, which acquires a hydrogen ion to
form NADPH, which is a storage form of energy
that can be transferred to the Calvin Cycle for
the production of carbohydrate. See links
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Dark Reaction

• Carbon-Fixing Reactions are also known as the
  Dark Reactions (or Light Independent Reactions).
• Carbon dioxide enters single-celled and aquatic
  autotrophs through no specialized structures,
  diffusing into the cells.
• Land plants must guard against drying out
  (desiccation) and so have evolved specialized
  structures known as stomata to allow gas to enter
  and leave the leaf.
• The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of
  chloroplasts (where would it occur in a
  prokaryote?). Carbon dioxide is captured by the
  chemical ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). RuBP is a
  5-C chemical. Six molecules of carbon dioxide
  enter the Calvin Cycle, eventually producing one
  molecule of glucose.

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• What two structures do tracheophytes use to take
  in Carbon Dioxide?

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Plants review

• Vascular Tissue
• Xylem, transports water
• Phloem, transports food
• Gas intake
• Guard cells open forming STOMATES
• Lenticels in bark

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Stomates and Guard cells
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Plants Leaf Cross Section
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Leaf Cross section
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End of Custom Shows
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A Look Into the Future
Interest Grabber
Section 8-3

• It is 100 years in the future and you are a
  research scientist. An enormous volcanic eruption
  has recently sent huge quantities of dust and ash
  into the atmosphere.
• Working with a partner, make a list of how this
  event will affect each of the following
• 1. photosynthesis
• 2. plant life
• 3. animal life
• 4. human societies

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Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption
Section 8-2
Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
V
B
G
Y
O
R
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Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Section 8-3
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Chloroplast
Photosystem II
ATP synthase
Inner Thylakoid Space
Thylakoid Membrane
Stroma
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation
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Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle
Section 8-3
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
ChloropIast
5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar Produced
Sugars and other compounds
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Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis An Overview
Section 8-3
water
Light
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP
ADP P
Light- Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
ATP
NADPH
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Video Contents
Videos

• Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
• ATP Formation
• Photosynthesis
• Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
• Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
• Calvin Cycle

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Internet
Go Online

• ATP activity
• Interactive test
• For links on Calvin cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org
  and enter the Web Code as follows cbn-3082.
• For links on photosynthesis, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-3083.

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Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. What are the benefits of having a bank
  account?
• To save money and earn interest.
• 2. What do you have to do if you need some of
  this money?
• Go to the bank and take out the money you need.
• 3. What might your body do when it has more
  energy than it needs to carry out its
  activities?
• Students will likely say that the body stores
  the energy.
• 4. What does your body do when it needs energy?
• Student answers may include that energy is
  gotten from food.

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Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells
  that are found in rows along the top of the
  calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light
  energy converted so that the calculator works?
• They convert light energy into electrical
  energy.
• 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the
  sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the
  light energy converted by plants?
• Plants convert light energy into chemical
  energy.
• 3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they
  are, have some parts that are green. Which parts
  of a plant are usually green?
• Leaves are green, as are some stems.
• 4. What does the green color have to do with the
  plants ability to convert light energy into the
  energy found in the food it makes?
• The green color is the pigment chlorophyll,
  which absorbs light energy from the sun and
  converts it to chemical energy in the process of
  photosynthesis.

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Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• Working with a partner, make a list of how this
  event will affect each of the following
• 1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis
  will decrease due to reduced sunlight.
• 2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or
  die off due to decreased rate of
  photosynthesis.
• 3. animal life Animal populations will decrease
  after a while due to fewer plants for
  herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will
  eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less
  oxygen will be available.
• 4. human societies Human societies will have to
  adjust their eating habits as some food
  species die out.