Children and Change

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Children and Change

• Psychology-socialization, parenting practices and
  styles, family disruption, role of media
• Sociology-family is affected by social structural
  and cultural conditions.

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SINGLE PARENT FAMILY

• More prevalent today than ever before
• 20 of all families SPT
• Historically, SPT the result of death, now
  divorcefeminization of poverty

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The Traditional Nuclear Family and New
Alternatives

• legally married ? never married singlehood,
  nonmarital cohabitation
• with children ? voluntary childlessness
• two-parent ? single-parent
• permanent ? divorce, remarriage
• male primary provider,? egalitarian
  (dual-career) ultimate authority
• sexually exclusive ? extramarital relationships
• heterosexual ? same-sex relationships,
  households

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Feminization of Poverty

• CAUSES INCLUDE
• DIVORCE-numbers reducednever married
• MASS MEDIA-ideology of romantic love
• EDUCATION
• AGING POPULATION

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2005,

• Steven Tipton and John Witte Jr. entited,
  Family Transformed Religion, Values and Society
  in American Life
• Children from broken homes are 2 to 3 times more
  likely to have behavioural problems.
•  

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• More than two thirds of juveniles and young
  adults convicted of major felonies from 1970 to
  1995 came from single or no parent homes.

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Stages in Family Patterns

• 1900 1914 Domestic family
• 1914-1918 WW1 women in factories
• 1919-1929 Return to domesticity

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Mid 20thc to Now

• 1929-1939 Depression and survival
• 1945-1960 Cult of domesticity Nuclear
• 1960-1980 Second Wave Feminism
• 1980-1990 New Right vs Third Wave Feminism
• 1990-2008-Global economy.

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Divorce Act of 1986.

• The number of dependent children involved in
  divorce cases is increasing from 20,099 in 1969
  to 58,000 in 1975.
• Divorce Act of 1986. 456,000

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Downward economic movement.

• The change from two-parent to one parent-family
  inevitably results in downward economic movement.
  

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• 90 of single parent families are female-headed
• Since females are the parents who generally
  inherit the children it suggests economic
  hardship for female headed single-parent
  families.

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The Decline in Household Size

• The average household size is declining in Canada
  and this is especially evident with the increase
  of people living alone.
• In 2001, 35 percent of women and 16 percent of
  men aged 65 and over lived alone.

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Sandwich Generation

• . The 2001 Census shows that 41 percent of young
  adults aged 20 to 29 lived with their parents, a
  substantial increase from 27 percent in 1981.

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. Living at home

• Living at home is more likely for young men than
  women aged 20 to 24 (64 vs. 52 percent) and aged
  25 to 29 (29 vs. 19 percent).
• This could be called the "adolescentizing" of
  young adults.

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Married with Children

•         Married with children falls short of
  majority
•         Legally married with or without children
  ¾ of all families
•         Canadian families dispersed along
  various dimensions
•         Most Canadians marry at least once
• 60 of all between 25-29

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Common Law Families

• 2001, 7.5 percent of families were common-law
  couples, and 6.3 percent of families were
  common-law couples with children, up from 3.7
  percent and 1.9 percent respectively in 1981

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Common-law with children

1. There is an increase in common-law couples with
   children at home
2. There is a declining percentage of married
   couples with children.

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Same Sex Coupling

• A total of 34 200 couples, 0.5 percent of all
  couples, identified themselves as same-sex in
  this census.
• Macionis Society Updated Second Canadian Edition
  (p. 324)

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Civil Marriage Act

• On July 20, 2005, Canada became the fourth
  country in the world to legalize same-sex
  marriage nationwide with the approval of the
  Civil Marriage Act.

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Future of family

• Consequently, the 1960's saw the rise in the
  feminist movement.
• The movement contained leaders in both the
  intellectual and political spheres who fought
  predominant ideologies in favour of male
  domination, traditional sex roles and female
  passivity. 

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The future of family

• However, as women have moved out in to the
  workplace and more opportunities have arisen for
  them
• A number of questions have been raised about the
  future of family relationships between spouses
  and parents and children

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Historical Divorce

• -Divorce was by mutual consent but with
  advantages lying with the husband.
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• -Men ordinarily could not be divorced for
  adultery but he might be killed for stealing the
  property of a another man.

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Divorce

• 2. The divorce rate has increased three fold
  since the turn of the century, women are more
  likely to be single because of divorce than
  death.
• 3. Death was the primary cause of single
  motherhood a century ago.

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CANADA DIVORCE ACTS

1. 1900-1968-BRITISH COMMON LAW-sexist-double
   standards 5 years for divorce
2. 1968-3 years, a move toward no fault
3. 1986-CANADA DIVORCE ACT- 1 year separation, 50/50
   split

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Divorce Conflict View

• 1.      Divorce is a capitalistic enterprise.
  There is more divorce in areas where capitalism
  is more intense than anywhere else such as
  California.

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Education

• Another influencer is education.
• Because of the ideology of romantic love, women
  fail to see education as important in comparison
  to men.

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BREADWINNER IDEOLOGY

• They are socialized to assume that men will take
  care of them (BREADWINNER), that they will be the
  nurturers and the caregivers, that this will be
  the case until death do us part.

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Sociology Structural and Interpretive

• Structural functional approach to social
  change-adaptive-systems.
• Parsons Isolated Nuclear Family to Litwak
  Modified Extended Family,
• Dysfunctional family-single parent, gay coupling,
  weekend marriage, childless couple..
• Feminist debate with Structural Functionalism

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Interpretive Approaches

• Importance of meaning
• Interpretive understanding of social processes
• Direct study of processes in natural settings
• Observation and and interview methods
• Difficult to obtain because of Western privacy.

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Socioeconomic Changes West

• From agricultural to industrial to post
• From old workplace (crafts, factory and farm) to
  new workplace (service and sales)
• Decline in family size
• Rise in Mothers in Labour Force
• Result Increase separation of children from
  adults and dependence on each other.

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Ethnicity and race

• A final factor in the feminization of poverty is
  ethnicity and raceIf one is a black women,
  elderly, one is double jeapardy.
• In the United States for example, 95 of Black
  families are female headed.. The husband does
  not remain in the home, the Black family lives
  with the legacy of slavery.

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The ideology of romantic love

• Love undefinable feeling,influenced societies for
  centuries, but it was not the basis of marriage.
  
• Love became more pervasive in this culture, it
  is said that it should be the foundation for
  marriage, and is associated with and influenced
  by capitalism and media.

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Mass Media

• The media feeds on our inadequacies, makes us
  always feel there is something better. Young
  girls are socialized to make this central in
  their lives, traditional ideology has them as
  the carriers of the relationship. Finding a
  boyfriend, having a husband and children are
  central.

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Romantic love

• The ideology of romantic love blurs our
  perception of what should be critical in our
  awareness of the realities of relationships

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Marriage gradient and the marriage squeeze

1.     1980s .the average age of marriage is 26,
   the average age of divorce was 36.
2. Men were more likely to remarry quickly whereas
   for women it takes some time.
3. There are factors that influence this including
   the marriage gradient and the marriage squeeze.

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• In 1971, 12 of lone mothers were divorced and
  32 were separated, while 11 of lone fathers
  were divorced and 39 were separated.
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• At the end of the century, separation or divorce
  were the most common reasons for lone
  parenthood.

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1999

• One-third of lone mothers were divorced and
  almost one-quarter were separated, and more than
  two out of three lone fathers were divorced (40)
  or separated (29).

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• At the end of the twentieth century, the average
  family income of lone mothers was 24,837.
• For
• lone-fathers the average was
  38,101. Older families with the head aged 65 or
  older had, on average,
• 42,688.

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