??%207%20Drilling%20and%20Bore-hole%20Logging

1
?? 7Drilling and Bore-hole Logging
Mineral Exploration

• Punya Charusiri

2
1.????????????????????????????????????

• ??????? ??????? ??????????????????????????
  ????????? ??????????????????????, ?????,
  ????????????????????????????, ????????????????????
  ?????????????????, ????????????, ??????????,
  ??????????????????????????? ????????????????
  ???????

3
???????????????????????????????????

• ??????????? (Drill)
• ??? ???????????????????????????????
• ???????? (Rod)
• ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ??????? (Bit)
• ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?

4
????????????????????

• ?????????????? (Prospecting)
• ?????????? (Exploration)
• ??????????? (Blasting)
• ?????????????????? (Exploitation for mining
• development)
• ???????????????????? ? ???? ???????????????????
  ??,
• ?????????????????

5
Offshore Drilling Platform
http//www.naturalgas.org/naturalgas/extraction_of
fshore.asp
6
Drilling Rigs
From Left to right, 1.Land based oil
exploration rig, 2.Platform rig, 3.Jack-up
rig, 4.Semi-submersible, 5.Drill ship and
another deeper water 6.Semi-submersible
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/da
tsea.html
7
Land based oil exploration rig
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
?????
http//145.253.95.45/projects/malapaya/malapaya.ht
m
8
Platform rig
???????????????????????????????
http//www.olez-mitchell.com/tech/subsea/s_rig.htm
9
Jack-up unit
?????????????? ??????????????? ??????
http//home.no.net/hamar/image/jackup.jpg
10
A semi-submersible drilling rig 
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/da
tsea.html
11
Drill ship
Moon pool
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/da
tsea.html
12
7.2 ??????????????????

• ????????????????????
• ??????????????, ?????
• ?????????????
• ??????????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????

???????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????
????????
13
????????????????????(Percussions drills)
?????????????????????????? ????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
???????????? ??????????? 2 ?????? ???

• ?????????????? ????????? (Jumper bar,
• Jumper drill, Hand-drill)
• ????????????? (Pneumatic drill)

14
?????????????? ????????? (Jumper bar, Jumper
drill, Hand-drill)

• ??????????????????????????????????? 2 ??
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? 2.5-3.75 ??. ???????????? 0.6-1.2 ?.
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?

http//www.convicttrail.org/ctp/gnrconstruct/main.
html
15
??????????????????????????????
????????????????????, ???????????????????
????????????????????????? ?????????????????
???????
http//www.convicttrail.org/ctp/gnrconstruct/main.
html
16
????????????? (Pneumatic drill)
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ????????????????????? ??????????? 3 ???? ???

• ????????? (Piston pneumatic drill)
• ??????? (Hammer drill)
• ??????? (Churn drill)

17
????????? (Piston pneumatic drill)

• ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????
  ????????????????????????

http//www.engineersconstruction.com/services/dir_
drill.htm
18
??????? (Hammer drill)

• ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????? ???????? ??????????????
  ???????????? ???????? ???????????????
• ???????????????????????????? ????????????

19
???????? ? ??????? 4 ??? ???

• ????????? (Hand-held drill)
• ???????????? (Drifter drill)
• ???????? (Stoper drill)
• ????????? (Wagon drill)

20
????????? (Hand-held drill)

• ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????? ???????? Sinker drill
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????
  ??? (Jack hammer) ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????

http//www.tracksys.co.uk/Pages/Ergonomics/ergonom
icsmain.htm
21
http//www.lifton.dk/us/products/handheld/98586564
5/view_product http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/83
61/1998/jeff/percus.html
22
???????????? (Drifter drill)

• ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ????? ????????????????????? ???????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????

http//www.goldminetours.com/
23
???????? (Stoper drill)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????

http//www5.ocn.ne.jp/rock-d/DRILL-TOP.htm
24
http//www.partshq.com/drill_stoper.htm
25
????????? (Wagon drill)

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????

http//www.ecrtech.com/content/interior.asp?sectio
nproductsbodydrill_rigs.htm
26
??????? (Churn drill)

• ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????? (Cable-tool drilling) ?????????????????????
  ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ?? 2 ???? ???
  ?????????????????? (Standard rig)
  ???????????????????????? (Portable rig)

http//www.westerngrater.com/pole.html
27
??????????????????????????????????????????
(Spudding) ???????????????
????????????????????????????????? ????????
???????????????? ????????????? ?
?????????????????? ??????????????????????
???? ???????? ?????????????????? (Hand churn
drill) ???????????????????? ? ????????????????????
???????????? ?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????
http//www.westerngrater.com/pole.html
28
??????????????? (Rotary drills)
????????????????????????????????????????? ?
?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
??????????????? ??????????? 5 ?????? ???

• ???????????????? (Auger drill)
• ????????????????? (Calyx drill)
• ??????????????? (Rotary drill)
• ???????????????????? (Turbo drill)
• ????????????????????????? (Diamond drill)

29
???????????????? (Auger drill)

• ???????????????????????????????????????, ?????
  ???????????????

http//www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part-one/fie
ld/b-auger_field.htm
30
?????????????????????? ? ???????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
http//www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part-one/fie
ld/b-auger_field.htm
31
????????????????? (Calyx drill)

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????

http//www.sides.com.au/_friendly_index.html?http
//www.sides.com.au/calyx_coring.html
32
????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
????????????????? ??????????? ??????????
(Short-boring) ???????????????????????? (Chilled
shot drill) ???????????????????????????? 0.15-0.3
??. ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????
???????????????????? ???????????
????????????????? ????????????????????????????????
???????? ??????????????????????? ???
????????????????????????????????????????? 35
??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
??????? ????? ??? ?????????????????????????,
????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
??????????

33
??????????????? (Rotary drill)

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????

http//www.geotechinc.com/equipment/dr24.htm
34
??????????? ??????????????????????????????-?????
????? ????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????? ???????????
http//www.sunmachinery.com/DRILLINGPAGE.htm
35
????????????????? (drilling mud) ???
????????????????????????????????????, ??????????,
??????????????? ??????????????????,
???????????????????????????????????????????
??????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????
???? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????
??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????? (Colloid chemistry) ????????????????????
????? (Bentonite), ?????? (Barite)
???????????????? ???????
36
???????????????????? (Turbo drill)

• ????????????????????????????????? (stream)
  ?????????(wind)?????????????????? (turbine)
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????

http//www.airfoils.com/apps.htm
37
????????????????????????? (Diamond drill)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????

http//members.iinet.net.au/boxer/ellendale.htm
38
??????????????????? (diamond bit)
http//www.sunmachinery.com/DRILLINGPAGE.htm http
//www.drill-supplies.com/mining_triconebits.html
39
????????????????????????????(tricone)
http//www.geogem.co.uk/products/pdcdb_oil.html ht
tp//www.lakesoil.com.au/Eromanga.html http//staf
f.harrisonburg.k12.va.us/mwampole/1-resources/sim
ple-machines/drill-bit.html
40
?????????????????????-?????????? ?????????????????
????????????????????????
??????????? ????? ???????
??????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
??????????? ??????? - ???????????????????????? 10 ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ? ????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? 150-170 m. ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
41

• ???????? ???????????????????????? (Drillibility
  factors) ???
• 1.??????????? (Drill) machine
• 2.???????? (Drilling Rod)
• 3.??????? (Drilling Bit)
• 4.?????????????? (Circulating fluid)
• 5.??????????????? (Well size)
• 6.????????????????????? (Rock formation)

42
7.3 ???????????? (Exploration drilling)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• (Diamond core drilling)
• ?????????????????????????????
• (Rotary drilling)
• ????????????????????????????
• (Percussion drilling)

43
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
(Diamond core drilling)
???????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????
???????????????? ???????????????????????? ???
???????????????????? (Highly fractured zone)
?????????????????? (Abrasive) ?????????? (Very
competent) ????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
???????????????
44
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/di
amond.html http//dax.geo.arizona.edu/earthscope/n
ews/chtdrill.html
45
????????????????? ? ??????????????
Size Code Core diameter (mm) Hole diameter (mm)
XR 18.3 30
EX 21.4 36
EXT 23.8 36
AX 29.4 47
AXT 32.5 47
BX 42.1 59
NX 54.8 75
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/di
amond.html
46
??????????????????????????????????? ?
Overall length of hole (meters) Approximate cost US per meter
300 m 50-80
1000 m 70-150
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/di
amond.html
47
????????????????????????????? (Rotary drilling)

• ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? (Geophysical Logging) ??????????????????????
  ??????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????

http//www.ecrtech.com/content/interior.asp?sectio
nproductsbodydrill_rigs.htm
48
??????????? 4 ?????? ???

• ????????????????????
• (Air rotary)
• ???????????????????
• (Down the Hole drilling ???? DHH)
• ????????????????????
• (Direct rotary drilling)
• ????????????????????????????
• (Reverse circulation drilling)

49
???????????????????? (Air rotary)

• ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????

http//www.science.uwaterloo.ca/course_notes/earth
/earth671/drilling.html http//www.americandrillin
gservices.com/equipment.html
50
??????????????????? (Down the Hole drilling ????
DHH)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ? ? ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????? ??? ?????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????

http//wwwbzs.tu-graz.ac.at/fleischh/bauingenieur
wesen/ baugeraete/drilling_systems/drilling_system
s.html
51
???????????????????? (Direct rotary drilling)

• ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ??????? cutting ????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????? ????????
  ??????????? API Tool Joint ???????????????????????
  ????? ?????????????? 1,500-3,000 ?.
  ???????????????

http//wwwbzs.tu-graz.ac.at/fleischh/bauingenieur
wesen/ baugeraete/drilling_systems/drilling_system
s.html
52
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/da
tsea.html
53
????????????????????????????(Reverse circulation
drilling)

• ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????? (Open
  compell) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ??????????????????????? ???
  ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????

http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/rc
.htm
54
http//www.grimwood.com.au/equipment_gcmgd2.html
55
???????????????????????????? (Percussion
drilling)
?????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????? ?? 2 ???
???

• ????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????

http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/pe
rcus.html
56
http//www.ecrtech.com/content/interior.asp?sectio
nproductsbodydrill_rigs.htm
57
?????????????????? (Churn drilling)
????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????
( Cable-tool drilling) ????????????????????? ???
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ??????????????????????????
58
?????????????? ?

• ????????????????????
• (Jet drill)
• ???????????????????????????
• (Auger drill)
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• (Diamond drilling ???? Wire-line drill)

59
???????????????????? (Jet drill)

• ????????????????????????????????????? (Placer
  deposits) ??????????????????? ????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????

http//wwwbzs.tu-graz.ac.at/fleischh/bauingenieur
wesen/ baugeraete/drilling_systems/drilling_system
s.html
60
??????????????????????????? (Auger drill)

• ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ???? ???????????????????????????,
  ?????????????? ????????????? ???????

http//www.pueblowinterfest.com/2001/index/article
/7
61
http//www.irwd.com/WaterService/IrvineDesalterPro
ject/IDP-HowWellsAreDrilled.html http//www.geolog
y.sdsu.edu/classes/geol552/hollowstem.htm
62
http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/au
ger.html http//www.ufpo.org/excavation_stuff/tool
s_of_trade.htm
63
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????
????? ???????
?????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
64
?????????????????????-????????????????????????????
??
????? ???????
????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????? - ?????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???
65
????????????????????????????????????? (Diamond
drilling ???? Wire-line drill)

• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? ????????????????? 2
  ?????? ???
• 1.??? Hydraulic top head drive
• 2.??? Mechanic spindle drive

http//www.abix.com/Drill20Bits20and20Cuttings.
htm
66
???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????? ?????????????????????????????????????-????
?????? ?????????? ????????????????
??????????????????? ?????????????
????????????????? ???????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
??????? ?????????????????????????? ???????
???????????????????????? ?????????????
???????
http//www.gov.nt.ca/RWED/iea/nwt_pics/minerals/al
bum7.html
67
???????? Core ???????????? ????????????
http//members.iinet.net.au/boxer/argyle.htm http
//www.strongarmdrills.com/diamonds.html
68
7.4 ???????????????????
??????????? 2 ??????? ???

• ???????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????????
• ????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??

69
7.5 ?????????????????????????????????????????????
????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????? ??????

• ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ???????????????????

70
?????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????? ???

• ??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????

71
????????????????????

• ????????????????????????????? (Cutting)
• ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????
  ? 1????
• ???????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????
• ?????????????????????? (Core)
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????

72
http//rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect18/Sect18_3.html http
//www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/gizeh/stone.html htt
p//geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of98-340/
73
???????????????????????????
http//members.iinet.net.au/boxer/images/PrairieC
k92_DrillCore.jpg
74
????????????????????????????????????????????
http//va.water.usgs.gov/mathews_drilling.htm
75
???????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????,
??????????, ??????????????????????????????????????
??????????? ????????????????????????????
????????????????? ???

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????? ??????????????????????????

76
7.6 ??????????????????????????(Geophysical
Logging ???? Borehole Geologic Log)

• ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ???????????????? ? ??? ????
  ? ???????????????????????????? (sondes)
  ?????????????????????? ? ???????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ? ???

77
????????????????????????
http//www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/datastat/te/Sampling
.htm http//cgkn.net/2002/projects/bedrock_e.html
78
???????????????????????????????? ???
????????????????????????? (Log Interpretation)
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? 3 ??????? ???

• ?????????????? (Log calibration)
• ??????????? (Interpretation)
• ??????????????????????? (Analyzing)

79
????????????????????????????? ?

• ???????????????????????
• ?????????????????? (Neutron log)
• ?????????????????????? (Density log)
• ????????????????????? (Gamma-ray log)
• ???????????????????????? (Caliper log)
• ???????????????????? (Electric log)
• ??????????????????????? (Sonic log)
• ?????????????????????????? (Temperature log)
• ????????????????????????????

80
Neutron Log

• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????? (Porosity) ???????
• ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  60
• ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????
  ???????????????????

81
??????????????
http//www.bakerhughes.com/bakeratlas/formation_ev
aluation/xmac/applications_lithology.htm
82
Density Log

• ??????? ??? ????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ? ???????????? ??????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????

http//www.uky.edu/KGS/emsweb/ecrb/pcrift4.html
83
Gamma-ray Log

• ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????????????????????
  ???????????? ? ????? ?????? K40
• ????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ??????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? (Index bed)

http//www.itcas.no/software/petro_trainer/pic/ex_
gf_log02.gif
84
??????????????
85
Caliper Log

• ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ??????? ?????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????

http//www.ldeo.columbia.edu/BRG/ODP/LOGGING/TOOLS
/hlds.html
86
??????????????
http//www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/203_IR/chap_0
1/c1_f15.htm
87
Electric Log

• ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????

http//fate.clu-in.org/direct_push/dpgeotech_main.
asp
88
????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
89
Sonic Log
??????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ????????????????????????????????
????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????????????
????????????????????? ?????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????
90
Temperature Log

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????

http//www.bakerhughes.com/bakeratlas/pipe_recover
y/temp_log.htm
91
Detailed Interpretation
??? ????????????????????????????????????? ?
??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
??, ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????
92
http//www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/201_IR/chap_1
1/c11_f29.htm
93
http//www.geoafrica.co.za/reddog/rw/logplot2003/L
ogPlot2003_LogSamples_files/logplotsample14.jpg
94
????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ???

• ????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????

95
?????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????
? ???

• ???????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????? ???????????????
• ????????????????????

96
References

• ????? ????????. 2546. ??????????????????????????
  ????? 7 ??????????????? ????????????????????.
  ???? 345-402
• Dega, Michael. 1999. Geocore Coring System.
• http//www.archaeology.hawaii.edu/equipsup/ge
  ocore/
• geocore.html
• Engineers Construction, Inc. Directional
  DrillingAuger Boring Jacking.
• http//www.engineersconstruction.com/services/di
  r_drill.htm
• http//www.tracksys.co.uk/Pages/Ergonomics/ergonom
  icsmain.htm
• http//wwwbzs.tgraz.ac.at/fleischh/bauingenieurwe
  sen/baugeraete/drilling_syste ms/drilling_systems
  .html
• NGSA. 2004. Drilling for Natural Gas.
• http//www.sunmachinery.com/DRILLINGPAGE.htm

97

• Robertson, Carrie. 2003. Hawii Coral Reef
  Network
• http//www.coralreefnetwork.com/network/news.htm
  
• Roberts, Elizabeth. Building the Great North Road
  - An Introduction.
• http//www.convicttrail.org/ctp/gnrconstruct/mai
  n.html
• Rochester,Jeff. Drilling Technology and its
  applications within the Exploration Industry.
  http//www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8361/1998/jeff/co
  nt.html
• Short, Nicholas M., Basic Sciences Impact
  Cratering.
• http//rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect18/Sect18_3.html
• Swiecki, Rafal. Alluvial Exploration Mining.
  http//www.kanada.net/tools/banka_hand.htm

98

• University Collage London, 2003. Stone Fragments.
• http//www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/gizeh/stone.ht
  ml
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Field
  Sampling and Equipment Introduction.
• http//www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part-one/f
  ield/index.html
• U.S. Geological Survey. 2001. Mathews County
  Drill Site Photos.
• http//va.water.usgs.gov/mathews_drilling.htm

99
Thank you for your attention
100
(No Transcript)
101
Banka
http//www.kanada.net/tools/banka_hand.html