Imperialism and Expansion

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Imperialism and Expansion

• Chapter 12

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Did You Know?

• (You do not have to write this one)
• Hawaii is the only state that was once an
  independent monarchy. Polynesian monarchs ruled
  the country from about 1800 to 1894

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I. Building Support for Imperialism

• A. Beginning in the 1800s, Americans wanted the
  US to become a world power. Change in attitude
  was a result of economic and military competition
  from other nations and a growing feeling of
  cultural superiority.

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I. Building Support for Imperialism

• B. Imperialism economic and political
  domination of a strong nation over a weaker
  nation. view held by many European nations in
  order to protect economic investments. Used
  military
• C. Example - Protectorates

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I. Building Support for Imperialism

• D. Americans wanted to develop overseas markets
  to keep their economy strong. Social Darwinists
  argued that as nations compete, the strongest
  survive. Justified American expansion

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I. Building Support For Imperialism

• E. John Fiske, historian and writer, wrote about
  Anglo Saxonism, the idea that English speaking
  nations had superior Character, ideas, systems of
  government.
• F. Josiah Strong linked missionary work to
  Anglo-Saxonism

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II. Expansion in the Pacific

• A. Americans expanded across the Pacific Ocean
  toward East Asia looking for overseas markets
  hoped to trade with China Japan, but Japan only
  traded with the Dutch.
• B. 1852 - Pres. Pierce sends Commodore Matthew
  Perry to negotiate trade with Japan impressed
  by American military power. Trade opened.

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II. Expansion in the Pacific

• C. Late 1800s, a tariff raised the price of
  sugar from Hawaii economic depression. US
  gains a naval base. New trade agreements boost
  economy.
• D. McKinley Tariff causes Hawaiian economy to
  decline.
• E. 1891 US Planters supported by Marines force
  Queen Liliuokalani out of power.
• F. US Annexes Hawaii as a territory.

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III. Latin America

• A. 1800s -0 US wanted to increase influence in
  Latin America by selling products there. Wanted
  Europeans to view America as economically
  dominant.
• B. Sec. of State James Blaine led early efforts
  to expand American influence in Latin America.
  He proposed the idea that the US and Latin
  American work together Pan Americanism

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III. Latin America

• C. 1889 meeting in Washington DC to discuss
  creation of trade unions between Latin America
  and US. Unable to work it out.
• D. Latin America agree to create the Commercial
  Bureau of American Republics to promote
  cooperation. Later became the Organization of
  American States (OAS)

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IV. Building a Modern Navy

• A. Americans were willing to risk war to defend
  interests overseas. This led to American support
  for a large modern navy.
• B. Cpt. Alfred T. Mahan argued the US needed a
  strong navy to compete with Europe (Influence of
  Seapower Upon History).
• C. Will become important when the US goes to war
  with Spain in 1898

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Section 2The Spanish American War
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I. The Coming of War

• A. Cuba controlled by Spain. Provided wealth
  for Spain with sugarcane plantations. In 1868
  Cuban rebels declared independence and began a
  guerrilla attack against Spanish authorities.
  After the attack failed, the Cuban rebels fled to
  the US to plan a new revolution. Increased
  American sympathy for Cuba.

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I. The Coming of War

• B. 1894 US tariffs causes Cuban economy
  (sugar) to collapse. Led to a new rebellion in
  1895.
• C. America was neutral at the beginning. Yellow
  Journalism ran exaggerated stories that turned
  opinion.
• D. Example William Randolph Hearst (NY
  Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (NY World)

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I. Coming of War

• E. Rebels attacked and destroyed American
  property, hoping for American intervention.
• F. Spanish general Weyler served as governor.
  Began to move civilians to camps. Many died, led
  to American calls for intervention.

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I. Coming of War

• G. DeLome Letter Spains US ambassador
  describes McKinley's administration as weak and
  working at popularity in a private letter.
• i. Letter gets published in the New York Journal
  Leads to further calls for war!

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I. Coming of War

• H. USS Maine Feb. 1898 US battleship sent to
  Havana to provide aid during the Rebellion
  (evacuate Americans). Explodes, killing 266
  American sailors. Led to call for war!
• No one knows what happened for sure, but at the
  time, most blamed Spain.

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II. Two Front War

• A. April 23, 1898, US blockades Cuba.
• B. May Commodore George Dewey destroys the
  Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippines. Occupied
  the Philippines and seized Guam
• C. American soldiers untrained and ill-equiped.
  More Americans died in training than died in
  battle.

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II. Two Front War

• D. June 1898, American troops advanced toward
  Santiago Harbor (Cuba). Col. Leonard Wood
  Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders stormed San
  Juan Hill. American victories.
• E. Along with Rough Riders were the all-black
  9th and 10th Cavalry ¼ Americans were black.

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II. Two Front War

• F. Spanish resistance ended with surrender of
  Santiago. Aug. 12, 1898, Spain and the US agreed
  to a cease-fire.
• G. The war lasted 16 weeks. Splendid Little
  War!

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III. Birth of American Empire

• Define Empire
• A. Many Americans supported annexing Philippines
  because it would provide a naval base in Asia, a
  stop on the way to China, who would buy American
  products, and was a chance to educate less
  civilized peoples.

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III. Birth of American Empire

• B. Dec. 10, 1898, US and Spain signed Treaty of
  Paris.
• 1. US gained Puerto Rico and Guam
• 2. Cuba became independent
• 3. US paid 20 million to Spain

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III. Birth of American Empire

• C. Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo led revolution
  against American control. Responsibility for
  ended revolution was General Arthur MacArthur.
• D. William Howard Taft was first civilian
  governor. Introduced reforms in education,
  transportation and health care. Lessoned
  hostility toward the Americans.

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III. Birth of American Empire

• E. Foraker Act made Puerto Rico an
  unincorporated territory. Became citizens of
  the US in 1917 Could elect its own governor in
  1947. Today debate continues over whether or not
  they will become a state or continue to be a
  protectorate.

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III. Birth of American Empire

• F. Platt Amendment US sets up military
  government in Cuba after the war. 4 parts of the
  Platt Amendment
• 1. Cuba could not make treaties
• 2. Cuba had to allow naval bases (Guantanamo
  Bay)
• 3. Cuba had to keep its debts low.
• 4. US could intervene at any time.
• G. Reluctantly accepted. Repealed in 1934.

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Chapter 12, Section 3- Theodore Roosevelts rise
to Power
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I. Roosevelt

• A. In the 1900 election, McKinley defeated
  William Jennings Bryan. On Sept 6, 1901,
  McKinley was assassinated. VP Theodore Roosevelt
  becomes president (youngest!)
• B. Wanted the US to become a world power

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II. American Diplomacy in Asia

• A. 1899 the US was a major power in Asia.
  Between 1895 and 1900, American exports
  quadrupled.
• B 1894 war broke out between China and Japan
  over Korea. Japan won had adopted western
  technology.

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II. American Diplomacy in Asia

• C. Japans rising power worried Russia. Forced
  Japan to give back part of captured Manchuria to
  China, who then leased it to Russia. Sphere of
  Influence.
• D. McKinley and John Hay supported an Open Door
  policy all countries should be able to trade
  with China.

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II. Asia

• E. Boxer Rebellion secret Chinese society that
  wanted foreigners out! Killed 200 and took
  others prisoner. An international force stopped
  the rebellion in 1900.
• F. Meanwhile, TR wins the Nobel prize for his
  role in ending the war between Japan and Russia.
• G. Great White Fleet 16 new battleships sailed
  around the world to show US power.

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III. Caribbean

• A. 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty US and Great
  Britain Gave US rights to build and control any
  proposed canal through Central America. Decide
  to build it through Panama.
• B. US supports Panama in their war against
  Columbia for independence.
• C. Construction of the Panama canal began.

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USS New Jersey in the Canal
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III. Caribbean

• D. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
  US would intervene in Latin American affairs when
  necessary to maintain economic and political
  stability in the W. Hemisphere. First applied to
  the Dominican Republic.

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III. Caribbean

• E. Taft elected in 1908 Believed that if
  American business leaders supported Latin
  American and Asian development, everyone would
  benefit Dollar Diplomacy