Coordinate and Subordinate Clauses

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Coordinate andSubordinate Clauses

• Traditional Grammar and Standard Usage

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Objectives of This Unit

• Understand different ways to connect clauses.
• Learn proper ways to coordinate and subordinate
  clauses and to use punctuation accordingly.
• Identify instances of fragments, comma splices,
  and run-on sentences and then correct them
  properly.

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What is a clause?

• A group of words containing a subject and a
  predicate
• Subject NP or Pronoun
• Predicate VP including a tensed/finite verb

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How many clauses does each sentence
have? (Identify all the subjects and verbs) 1.
The cat ran away. 2. I wonder if it will rain
tomorrow. 3. This is the box that he made
yesterday. 4. I have painted the house, but I
still need to sand the floors. 5. The small
fluffy kitten with a ribbon around its neck did
enormous damage to the sofa in our living
room. 6. During a surprise campaign stop at a
field office in Chicago, President Obama
congratulated Mitt Romney on a hard-fought
campaign.
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How many clauses does each sentence
have? (Identify all the subjects and verbs) 1.
The cat ran away. 2. I wonder if it will rain
tomorrow. 3. This is the box that he made
yesterday. 4. I have painted the house, but I
still need to sand the floors. 5. The cute kitten
with a ribbon around its neck did enormous damage
to the sofa in our living room. 6. During a
surprise campaign stop at a field office in
Chicago, President Obama congratulated Mitt
Romney on a hard-fought campaign.
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Types of Clauses and Sentences

• Clauses
• -independent (main) clause (IC)
• -dependent (subordinate) clause (DC) includes
  
• subordinating conjunction
• Sentences (cc coordinating conjunction)
• -simple IC
• -compound IC CC IC ()
• -complex IC DC ()
• -compound-complex IC cc IC () DC ()

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Schematic Organization of Sentences
IC

• , CC
• ,

IC
IC
DC
IC
IC
DC
IC
DC
IC
DC
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Simple Sentences (1 IC)

1. The singer sang songs by the Beatles.
2. The singer and her band performed songs by the
   Beatles.
3. The singer and her band performed songs by the
   Beatles and other groups.

A simple sentence contains one independent
clause(i.e. one subject-predicate combination)
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Punctuation in Simple Sentences

• Capitalize first letter.
• Period at end of sentence.
• Commas in lists
• Generally speaking, commas can be used in four
• different ways introducers,
  coordinators, inserters, and tags.
• Semicolons in lists between items in a series
  if the items already contain commas
• Suncom Corporation has subsidiaries in four
  cities New York, New York Wilmington, Ohio
  Houston, Texas and San Francisco, California.

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Punctuation inSimple Sentences

• Commas to separate introductory elements
• In the morning, Ill be sober.
• Carefully and silently, the burglar climbed up to
  the open window.

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Compound Sentences (2 or more ICs connected by
CCs)
S
S
S
VP
NP
VP
NP
CC
V
det
N
V
det
N
The cat pounced,
but
the rat escaped.
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Compound Sentences

• New York didnt get to the World Series in 2004,
  but they got there in 2003.
• I love sushi, and my wife does too.
• It was Halloween, so we dressed up.

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Compound Sentences (2 or more ICs connected by
CCs)
Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses but no dependent clauses Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses but no dependent clauses
Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
for (offers reason) and (links two facts) nor (and not) but (shows contrast) or (creates disjunction) yet (shows contrast) so (offers result)
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Punctuation in Compound Sentences

• Capitalize first letter.
• Period at end of sentence.
• Comma between clauses
• They hated each other, but they met anyway.
• They hated each other, but they met anyway, and
  they didnt argue.

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Other Ways of Joining Independent Clauses
(Other Types of Compound Sentences)

• Use a colon (IC IC)where the second independent
  clause summarizes or explains the first.
• My teacher was right grammar is fun.
• 2. Use a semi-colon (IC IC)where the
  independent clauses are related
• Grammar is relatively easy to understand the
  problem is remembering all the terms.
• Note A comma alone cannot join independent
  clauses.

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Other Ways of Joining Independent Clauses
(Other Types of Compound Sentences)

• 3. Use a semi-colon (IC adverb/phrase,
  IC)between independent clauses with a sentence
  adverb or a transitional phrase
• Fall is a particularly beautiful time of the
  year however, raking up leaves can seem like an
  endless task.
• A good lawn takes a long time to grow in fact,
  some of the best lawns in the world have been
  carefully tended for centuries.

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1. Fall is a particularly beautiful time of the
   year. However, raking up leaves can seem like an
   endless task.
2. A good lawn takes a long time to grow. In fact,
   some of the best lawns in the world have been
   carefully tended for centuries.

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Fragments

• A group of words used with a period
• With no subject and verb
• With no subject
• With no verb (including a tensed/finite verb)
• Dependent clause only
• (This will be reviewed again later.)

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Comma Splices

• A comma splice occurs when two independent
  clauses are connected with only a comma.
• Incorrect I am tired, I will take a nap
  later.
• Correct I am tired. I will take a nap
  later.
• I am tired, so I will take a nap
  later.
• Since I am tired, I will take a nap
  later.
• I am tired I will take a nap
  later.

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Run-on Sentences

• a sentence containing two or more clauses not
  connected by the correct conjunction or
  punctuation
• Incorrect We should get moving theres no time
  to waste.
• Correct We should get moving. Theres no
  time to waste.
• We should get moving theres
  no time to waste.
• We should get moving since
  theres no time to waste.
• Theres no time to waste, so we
  should get moving.

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Complex Sentences 1 IC 1 DC (more DCs)
S
VP
NP
DC
VP
NP
V
V
SC
Pro
det
N
det
N
The cat pounced when it saw the rat.
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Complex Sentences(connected by subordinating
conjunctions)

• Complex sentences contain one independent clause
  and at least one subordinate (dependent) clause.
• Subordinate/Dependent clause clause that
  contains a subordinating conjunction

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Types ofSubordinate Clause

1. Relative clause (Adjective clause)The doctors
   helped the man who the maniac punched.
2. Noun clauseSue thinks that she has learned
   enough for one day.
3. Adverbial clauseThe burglar broke into the house
   while Joe was sleeping.

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Adverbial Clauses

1. Before you leave town, you should see the
   governators mansion.
2. Because he loves action movies, Bob is a big fan
   of the governator.
3. Although I have never seen an alien, I am sure
   they all drip goo.

• Why are these clauses like adverbs?
• Give us info about main verb time, place,
  manner, reason, condition

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Subordinating Conjunctions
Show contrast Although Even though While Whereas Show cause effect Because Since If
Show time relations After Before While When As Show time relations After Before While When As
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Punctuation with Adverbial Clauses

• Depends on the position of the adverbial clause
• When the bell rings, the class will end. Adv CL,
  IC (comma separates clauses)
• The class will end when the bell rings.IC AdvCL
  (no comma)