Chapter 15 Part III Pages 512-524

1
Chapter 15 Part IIIPages 512-524

• Changing Attitudes
• And
• Literature and Art

2
The Status of Women

• Manuals on marriage and the family from the
  seventeenth century place women in the home,
  reject the double standard on adultery, urged
  marriage based on mutual respect and trust, and
  reject marriages arranged by parents.
• Religious writers of the Reformation did not
  express consistent views on women.
• Protestants all held that women and men were
  spiritually equal.
• Catholic thinkers supported the teaching that the
  celibate life was the highest form of Christian
  life.

3
The Status of Women

• Protestants recognized a mutual right to divorce
  that Catholics did not.
• The seventeenth century was an age of the
  flesh.
• a) Protestant and Catholic governments licensed
  houses of prostitution.
• b) With the closing of convents in Protestant
  countries, marriage became the only acceptable
  occupation for upper-class Protestant women.
• Single women worked in many occupations and
  professions. (domestic servants, butchers, shop
  keepers, nurses, goldsmiths, mid wives, printing
  and weeving)
• Protestants believed that celibacy had no
  scriptural basis and favored the suppression of
  womens religious houses.

4
The Great European Witch-hunt

• Witch-hunting peaked between 1560 and 1660.
• Tens of thousands of witches were executed in
  this period.

5
The Great European Witch-hunt

• There are a variety of explanations offered by
  scholars for the witch-hunts.
• a) Witches explained inexplicable misfortunes.
• b) Communities really believed witches
  worshipped the devil.
• c) Communities persecuted nonconformists through
  charges of witchcraft.
• d) Unbridled sexuality attributed to witches was
  a psychological projection on the part of their
  accusers, whose sexuality was repressed by
  Christianity.

6
European Slavery and the Origins of American
Racism

• Before the 1400s virtually all slaves in Europe
  were white.
• The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople cut off
  slaves from the Black Sea region.
• With Portuguese voyages to West Africa and the
  occupation of the Canary and Madeira islands,
  slavery hooked up with sugar culture.

7
European Slavery and the Origins of American
Racism

• Native Americans did not survive long under
  conditions of slavery and forced labor.
• The Spaniards brought in enslaved Africans as
  substitutes.
• Modern racism against blacks had its origins in
  medieval Christian theology and to a lesser
  extent, medieval Arab views of the peoples of
  sub-Saharan Africa.

8
The Essay Michel de Montaigne

• Montaigne (15331592), a French nobleman, created
  the essay as a means of clarifying his own
  thoughts.
• Montaigne was a skeptic that is, he rejected the
  notion that any single human being knew the
  absolute truth. He also rejected the notion that
  any one culture was inherently superior to any
  other.

9
Elizabethan and Jacobean Literature

• Literature and drama flowered in England during
  the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I (r.
  16031625).
• a) William Shakespeares plays.
• b) The King James Bible.

10
Baroque Art and Music

• The Baroque style had its origins in the desire
  of Catholic Counter-Reformation thinkers to
  appeal to the common people with an emotional and
  awe-inspiring style.
• The Baroque in architecture peaked in Italy after
  1600, and then moved to Spain, Latin America,
  Poland, and other places.

11
Baroque Art and Music

• Peter Paul Rubens (15771640) was the epitome of
  the Baroque in painting.
• Johann Sebastian Bach (16851750) epitomized the
  Baroque style in music (although he was a
  Lutheran, not a Catholic).