Biology 12

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Concussions, Strokes Brain Related Injuries

• Biology 12

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• What is a concussion?
• A concussion is a type of brain injury that
  causes a temporary disturbance in brain function.
  Most concussions are the result of a direct blow
  to the head with a blunt object. These injuries
  range from mild to severe. Not all concussions
  cause a loss of consciousness, but loss of
  consciousness and amnesia are two of the most
  commonly seen features of concussion. Concussions
  represent about 8.9 of all high school athletic
  injuries.
• What are the symptoms?
• A concussion can cause headaches, loss of
  consciousness, loss of memory, confusion, changes
  in mood, slurred speech, sleep difficulties,
  nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and
  loud noises.

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• Evaluation
• Blood behind the eardrum
• May be a sign of basilar skull fracture
• Bruising behind the ear or around both eyes
• May be a sign of basilar skull fracture
• Clear fluid leaking from the nose
• A sign of basilar skull fracture
• Large scalp contusion
• Neck tenderness
• Skull deformity
• A depressed area on the skull
• Visible skull fracture through a scalp wound

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• Testing
• Skull x-rays
• CT scan of the brain
• MRI scan of the brain
• X-rays of the neck
• Normal cervical spine
• Torn ligaments
• Fracture of the odontoid process of the second
  vertebra
• Fracture of a vertebral body
• Fracture of a spinous process in the back of a
  neck vertebra

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• Treatment
• Treatment for a concussion includes rest and
  close observation. It is very important that a
  person with a concussion does not return to
  sports activities, or situations in which further
  head injury may occur, until symptoms resolve. In
  addition, a person who has lost consciousness at
  the time of the injury must rest, even if
  symptoms have resolved.In addition to physical
  rest, those with concussions require cognitive
  rest, which involves resting the brain. The
  person should avoid challenging mental tasks
  until symptoms resolve. Treatment may also
  include acetaminophen or nonsteroidal
  anti-inflammatory medications for pain.

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• Treatment Contd
• Avoid alcohol.
• Avoid narcotic pain medications.
• Avoid medications that make you sleepy.
• Avoid driving until symptoms resolve.
• Apply cold compresses to the scalp
• Wrap ice in a moist hand towel. Do not apply ice
  directly to the skin.
• Apply for 20-30 minutes, every 1-2 hours, for the
  first few days.
• Clean wounds thoroughly
• Use mild soap and water.
• Gently dab the wound with hydrogen peroxide to
  remove clotted blood.
• Do not scrub the wound.
• Remove dirt or foreign material from the wound.
• Dry the skin.
• Apply an antibiotic ointment.
• Eat a clear liquid diet for 24 hours.
• Rest for 1-2 days. There is no need to try and
  keep the victim awake.
• Perform neurological checks
• Every 1-2 hours for 24 hours

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• Grade 1 concussion
• Defined by
• Transient confusion
• No loss of consciousness
• Mental status changes last for less than 15
  minutes
• Recommendations
• Return to sports activity same day only if all
  symptoms resolve within 15 minutes
• If a second grade 1 concussion occurs, no sports
  activity for 1 week

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• Grade 2 concussion
• Defined by
• Transient confusion
• No loss of consciousness
• Mental status changes last for 15 minutes or more
• Recommendations
• No sports activity for 1 week
• If a grade 2 concussion occurs on the same day as
  a grade 1, no sports activity for 2 weeks

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Concussionshttp//www.freemd.com/concussion/

• Grade 3 concussion
• Defined by
• Loss of consciousness
• Recommendations
• No sports activity for 1 week if loss of
  consciousness was only seconds
• No sports activity for 2 weeks if loss of
  consciousness was minutes or longer
• If a second grade 3 concussion, no sports
  activity until the person has no symptoms for 1
  month
• If abnormality is seen on CT scan of the brain or
  MRI scan or the brain, no sports activity for the
  rest of the season and the athlete should be
  discouraged from returning to contact sports.

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Concussion Videos

• http//www.macleans.ca/society/health/the-aftersho
  cks/
• https//vimeo.com/6089854

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Strokeshttp//www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG
/AboutStroke/About-Stroke_UCM_308529_SubHomePage.j
sp

• What is a stroke?
• A stroke is a disease that affects the arteries
  leading to and within the brain.
• A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries
  oxygen and nutrients to the brain either bursts,
  ruptures or is blocked by a clot. As a result,
  the brain cannot get the blood and oxygen it
  needs and pieces of the brain die.

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Strokeshttp//www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG
/AboutStroke/About-Stroke_UCM_308529_SubHomePage.j
sp

• Stroke risk factors
• Approximately 80 percent of strokes can be
  prevented. Though some stroke risk factors are
  uncontrollable, such as age and race, other risk
  factors are in your control and making small
  lifestyle changes can reduce your stroke risk.
• Seven main risk factors Be active, control
  cholesterol, eat a healthy diet, manage blood
  pressure, maintain a healthy weight, control
  blood sugar and dont smoke.

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Strokes - Typeshttp//www.strokeassociation.org/S
TROKEORG/AboutStroke/About-Stroke_UCM_308529_SubHo
mePage.jsp

• An ischemic stroke occurs when a clot or mass
  clogs a blood vessel cutting off the blood flow
  to brain cells.
• 87 of all strokes are ischemic.

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Strokes - Typeshttp//www.strokeassociation.org/S
TROKEORG/AboutStroke/About-Stroke_UCM_308529_SubHo
mePage.jsp

• A hemorrhagic stroke results from a weakened
  vessel that ruptures and bleeds into the
  surrounding brain tissue.
• The blood accumulates and forms a bruise within
  the brain tissue, compressing brain cells and
  causing them to die.

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Strokes - Typeshttp//www.strokeassociation.org/S
TROKEORG/AboutStroke/About-Stroke_UCM_308529_SubHo
mePage.jsp

• A TIA, or Transient Ischemic Attack, produces
  stroke like symptoms.
• A TIA is caused by a clot but unlike a stroke,
  the blockage is temporarty and usually causes no
  permanent damage to the brain.
• Often called mini strokes
• Approximately 15 of all strokes occur after a
  TIA.

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Strokeshttp//www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG
/AboutStroke/About-Stroke_UCM_308529_SubHomePage.j
sp

• Identifying a stroke F.A.S.T
• F Face dropping. Does one side of the face
  droop or is it numb? Ask the person to smile.
• A Arm weakness. Is one arm weak or numb? Ask
  the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift
  downward?
• S Speech difficulty. Is speech slurred, are
  they unable to speak, or are they hard to
  understand? Ask the person to complete a
  sentence, like is the sky blue. Is it repeated
  correctly?
• T Time to call 911. Immediately if a person has
  these symptoms, even if they go away.

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Stroke Videos

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vpcmrgwNCPwM
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vuLJewzJcCZ0
• https//www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powe
  rful_stroke_of_insight?languageen

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Phineas Gage

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vFrULrWRlGBA
• Please read the section on Phineas Gage in your
  textbook, starting on page 432, and answer
  questions 1 2.

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Disorders Lobes of the Brain

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?v2MKNsI5CWoU
• http//www.brainline.org/multimedia/interactive_br
  ain/the_human_brain.html?gclidCL2w-K2uzrICFYVFMgo
  d-EcACw
• Use this website to create a table of the lobes
  of the brain, and what could be affected if that
  lobe was injured.