Pure Salmon Campaign

1
Pure Salmon Campaign

• Clean the Wastes
• - Closed containment technology
• Clean the Feed
• - Decontamination technology

2
The Feed Problem

• Depleted Fish Meal/Fish Oil
• Environmental Issues
• Sustainability (MSC certified????)
• Contaminated Fish Meal/Fish Oil
• Food Safety Issues
• Decontamination?

3
You Are What You Eat

• Feed (Fish Meal and Fish Oil)
• Contaminants (Dioxins, PCBs, DDT, Dieldrin,
  Toxaphene, Cadmium etc)
• Decontamination Strategies/Solutions?
• Vegetables (Wheat, seaweed, canola etc)
• GM Soya and Maize
• Krill
• Land Animal Protein (Chicken feathers, bloodmeal,
  pig products)

4
Contaminants in Fish Feed

• PCBs and DDE (Mac 1979)
• Toxaphene (Oetjen, K and Karl 1998)
• Dioxins etc (Jacobs 2002)
• Dioxins and PCBs (Easton 2002)
• Chlordane, Dieldrin etc (Hites 2004)
• PCBs (Hellou 2005)
• Cadmium (WTO 2005, Bethune 2006)

5
Contaminants in Farmed Salmon

• Scottish (Jacobs 2002)
• Canadian (Easton 2002)
• Irish (Gruemping et al 2004)
• Norwegian, Faroese, Scottish, Chilean and
  Canadian (Hites et al 2004)
• Norwegian (Organic), Irish (Organic), US,
  Scottish and Canadian (Shaw et al 2006)
• Irish (Food Safety Authority Ireland 2007)

6
Science study (Hites et al 2004)

• Farmed salmon have significantly greater levels
  of organochlorine compounds than do wild salmon,
  and the source appears to be the fish food.
  Farmed salmon from Northern Europe have
  significantly higher levels than those from North
  America which, in turn, are higher than those
  from South America.

7
Shaw et al (2006)
8
Food Safety Authority Ireland (2007)

• Farmed salmon the most contaminated (70 higher
  than wild salmon)
• The higher PBDE concentrations observed in farmed
  Atlantic salmon versus wild Atlantic salmon may
  in part be attributable to differences in feed
  regime and sources.
• These figures indicate a general reduction in
  dioxin and dl-PCB contamination in Irish farmed
  salmon, which may in part be attributable to
  source-directed measures adopted by the industry
  in the intervening period, such as changes in
  sources or species of fish oils in fish feeds or
  changes in feeding management regimes, amongst
  other possibilities.

9
Decontamination Strategies

• Sourcing
• Screening
• Cleaning
• Washing
• Substituting

10
Removing/Avoiding

• Screening/Monitoring
• Sourcing from Cleaner Areas (Northern waters are
  8X more contaminated than South)
• Cleaning Fish Oil
• Cleaning Fish Meal

11
Adding/Substituting

• Vegetable protein (e.g. seaweed)
• GM soya and GM maize (e.g. Monsanto)
• GM technology (e.g. Dupont)
• Land Animal Protein (e.g. chicken feathers, pig
  fats, blood etc Skretting and EWOS research)

12
Vegetable Substitution

• Scotland
• (Bell, G et al 2005) Replacement  of marine fish
  oils with vegetable oils in feeds for farmed
  salmon. Lipid  Technology 17 7-11)
• Norway
• (Berntssen, M.H.G et al 2005) Reducing the
  levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCB's in
  farmed Atlantic salmon by dietary substitution of
  fish oils with vegetable oils a life cycle
  study. Aqua. Nutr. 11, 219-232.
• Canada
• (Higgs, G et al 2006??????)

13
Decontamination Research

• Skretting
• Field trials in Scotland
• EWOS
• Research in Scotland and Norway
• Biomar
• Research in Norway
• Mattilsynet (Norwegian Food Safety
  Authority)/NIFES and Norwegian Fish Farmers
  Association (FHL)
• FORM and AQUAMAX (EU-funded research) in Norway,
  Scotland and other European countries
• "Aquaculture and food safety with special focus
  on dioxins and other potentially hazardous
  contaminants"

14
EWOS

• Monitoring - Feed companies are carrying out a
  monitoring program, determining the
  concentrations of PCBs in the feed and the raw
  materials.
• Raw Material Choices - Research is being carried
  out by the feed companies into alternative raw
  materials, especially those of plant origins,
  which are extremely low in PCB contaminants.
• Wild Fishery Monitoring - Fish oil and meal
  producers are carrying out research into the
  concentrations of contaminants in their
  traditional fisheries.
• Raw Material Cleaning This work is ongoing, but
  has been shown to have the ability to reduce some
  contaminants. Methods for removing more of the
  oils from the fish meal are also being
  investigated. The oil free fish meal will be of
  much lower PCB concentration as the contaminants
  are in the oils.

15
Decontamination Technology

• De Smet (Belgium/United States)
• Pronova (Norway)
• Fiskeriforskning (Norway)
• UIC GmbH (Germany)
• FF/TripleNine (Denmark)
• Omega (United States)

16
UIC GmbH

• Short Path Distillation in the Fish Oil Industry
• Picture of Aage Oterhals
• washing machine

17
UIC GmbH

• Short Path Distillation in the Fish Oil Industry
• Picture of Aage Oterhals
• washing machine

18
De Smet Reflex Extractor
19
De Smet 800 MTD Multistock
20
De Smet LM Small Extractor
21
Pronova

• Picture

22
Lab scale experimentOil from farmed salmon
(Pronova)
PBDE Congener Before stripping ng/g After stripping ng/g
28 (3 Br) 0,3 lt0,2
47 (4 Br) 5,3 lt0,2
66 (4 Br) 0,4 lt0,2
99 (5 Br) 1,2 lt0,2
100 (5 Br) 1,0 lt0,2
154 (6 Br) 0,5 lt0,2
23
Conclusion Clean the Feed

• The Pure Salmon Campaign believes that the salmon
  farming industry must adopt technology not only
  to treat waste discharges but also to clean
  contaminated feed.
• Consumers may have to pay a little more but it is
  a price worth paying for Pure Salmon.