Personality

1
Chapter 10

• Personality

2
Personality

• Personality Psychological qualities that bring
  continuity to an individuals behavior in
  different situations and at different times.

3
Psychodynamic Theories

• PsychoanalysisFreuds system of treatment for
  mental disorders.
• -Identifies unconscious thoughts and emotions
  and brings them to consciousness.

4
Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freuds theory that relates personality to the
  interplay of conflicting forces within the
  individual.

5
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Unconscious Psychic domain of which the
  individual is not aware, but which is the
  storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and
  conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness.

6
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Drives and instincts

Eros
Libido
Thanatos
7
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Drives and instincts

Eros
Drives people toward acts that are sexual,
life-giving, and creative.
Libido
Thanatos
8
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Drives and instincts

Eros
Drives people to experience sensual pleasure.
Libido
Thanatos
9
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Drives and instincts

Eros
Libido
Drives people toward aggressive and destructive
behaviors.
Thanatos
10
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Personality structure

Id
Superego
Ego
11
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Personality structure

Id
Primitive, unconscious portion of personality,
houses most basic drives and stores repressed
memories.
Superego
Ego
12
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Personality structure

Id
Minds storehouse of values, moral attitudes
learned from parents and society, same as common
notion of conscience.
Superego
Ego
13
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Personality structure

Id
Conscious, rational part of personality, charged
with keeping peace between superego and id.
Superego
Ego
14

• ID
• Needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material.
• EGO
• In touch with reality strives to meet the
  demands of the id and superego in socially
  acceptable ways.
• SUPEREGO
• Conscience counteracts the socially undesirable
  impulses of the id.

15
The Unconscious Mind

• ID
• PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
• EGO
• REALITY PRINCIPLE
• SUPEREGO
• MORAL PRINCIPLE

16
Freuds Model of the Mind
17
(No Transcript)
18
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Psychosexual stages Successive, instinctive
  patterns of associating pleasure with
  stimulations of specific bodily areas at
  different times of life.

Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency
Genital Stage
19
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Oedipus complex According to Freud, a largely
  unconscious process whereby boys displace an
  erotic attraction toward their mother to
  females of their own age and, at the
  same time, identify with their fathers.

20
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Identification The mental process by which an
  individual tries to become like another person,
  especially the same-sex parent.

21
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Penis envy According to Freud, the female
  desire to have a penis a condition that usually
  results in their attraction to males.

22
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Fixation Occurs when psychosexual development
  is arrested at an immature stage.

Oral Fixations
23
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

• Ego defense mechanisms Largely unconscious
  mental strategies employed to reduce the
  experience of conflict or anxiety.

• 8 Defense Mechanisms
• Repression
• Denial
• Rationalization
• Reaction formation
• Displacement
• Regression
• Sublimation
• Projection

24
NEO-FREUDIANS

• Carl Jung
• Karen Horney
• Alfred Adler
• Gordon Allport
• Abraham Maslow
• Carl Rogers
• Albert Bandura

25
Carl Jung

• Personal unconscious Portion of the
  unconscious corresponding roughly to Freuds id.
• Collective unconscious Jungs addition to the
  unconscious, involving a reservoir for
  instinctive memories including the archetypes,
  which exist in all people.

26
Carl Jung Extending the Unconscious

• Archetypes

Animus
Anima
Shadow
27
Carl Jung Extending the Unconscious

• Archetypes

Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow
28
Carl Jung Extending the Unconscious

• Archetypes

Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and
aggressive tendencies we dont want to recognize
in ourselves.
Anima
Shadow
29
Carl Jung Extending the Unconscious

• Introversion The Jungian dimension that
  focuses on inner experienceones own thoughts
  and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing
  and sociable than the extrovert.
• Extraversion The Jungian personalitydimension
  involving turningones attention outward,toward
  others.

30
Karen Horney

• Thought Freud exaggerated the role of sex drives
  in human behavior and misunderstood sexual
  motives of women.
• Developed feminine psychology.

31
Karen Horney A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic
Psychology

• Basic anxiety An emotion that gives a sense of
  uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and
  can lead to maladjustment.
• Neurotic needs Signs of neurosis in Horneys
  theory these ten needs are normal desires
  carried to a neurotic extreme.

32
Horneys 10 Neurotic Needs
1. Need for affections and approval
2. Need for a partner dread of being left alone
3. Need to restrict ones life and remain inconspicuous
4. Need for power and control over others
5. Need to exploit others
6. Need for recognition or praise
7. Need for personal admiration
8. Need for personal achievement
9. Need for self-sufficiency and independence
10. Need for perfection
33
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology

• Inferiority Complex
• An exaggerated feeling of weakness and inadequacy
  which stems from childhood.
• Compensation
• Making up for ones real or imagined
  deficiencies.

34
Humanistic Theories

• Humanistic Theories include
• Gordon Allports trait theory
• Abraham Maslows self-actualizing personality
• Carl Rogers fully functioning person

35
Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic

• Traits Stable personality characteristics that
  are presumed to exist within the individual and
  guide his or her thoughts and actions under
  various conditions.
• Central traits form the basis of personality.
• Secondary traits include preferences and
  attitudes.
• Cardinal traits define peoples lives.

36
Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality

• Self-actualizing personalities Healthy
  individuals who have met their basic needs and
  are free to be creative and fulfill their
  potentials.

37
Carl Rogerss Fully Functioning Person

• Fully functioning person Term for a healthy,
  self-actualizing individual, who has a
  self-concept that is both positive and congruent
  with reality.

38
Carl Rogerss Fully Functioning Person

• Phenomenal field Our psychological reality,
  composed of ones perceptions and feelings.
• Unconditional positive regard Love or caring
  without conditions attached.

39
Evaluating Humanistic Theories

• Positive psychology Movement within psychology
  focusing on the desirable aspects
  of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis
  on psychopathology.

40
Bandura Social Learning

• Observational learning Process of learning new
  responses by watching the behavior of others.

BoBo Doll Experiment
41
Reciprocal Determinism

• Process in which the person, situation, and
  environment mutually influence each other.

42
Locus of Control

• Locus of control An individuals sense of
  where his or her life influences originate.
• Internal vs. External
• Julian Rotter

43
What Persistent Patterns are Found in
Personality?
44
Personality (Hippocrates)

• Humors Four bodily fluids that, according to
  ancient theory, control personality by their
  relative abundance.

Blood (cheerful)
Phlegm (cool)
Yellow Bile (angry)
Black Bile (depressed)
45
Personality and Temperament

• Temperament Basic, pervasive personality
  dispositions that are apparent in early childhood
  and establish the tempo and mood of an
  individuals behaviors.

46
Patterns in Personality

• The Big Five traits
• Openness to experience
• Conscientiousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• Cattell identified 16 personality factors

47
Assessing Traits

• NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
• MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
  Inventory)
• Reliability and validity are important attributes
  of good psychological tests!

48
The MMPI-2
Description What is Measured No. of Items
Hypochondriasis Concern with bodily symptoms 32
Depression Depressive Symptoms 57
Hysteria Awareness of problems and vulnerabilities 60
Psychopathic Deviate Conflict, struggle, anger, respect for society's rules 50
Masculinity/Femininity Stereotypical masculine or feminine interests/behaviors 56
Paranoia Level of trust, suspiciousness, sensitivity 40
Psychasthenia Worry, anxiety, tension, doubts, obsessiveness 48
Schizophrenia Odd thinking and social alienation 78
Hypomania Level of excitability 46
Social Introversion People orientation 69

• 567 True/False Questions
• Originally developed to identify psychiatric
  disorders.
• Sample Questions
• I have a good appetite.
• Sometimes I like to stir up some excitement.
• I work under a great deal of tension.
• I often think people are watching me.

49
Traits and the Person-Situation Debate

• Person-situation controversy Theoretical
  dispute concerning the relative contribution of
  personality factors and situational factors in
  controlling behavior.

50
Patterns in Personality

• Type Especially important dimensions or
  clusters of traits that are not only central to a
  persons personality but are found with
  essentially the same pattern in many people.
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

51
The Myers-Briggs Test

• Characterizes personality on
• 4 different scales
• 1. Extraversion vs Introversion
• 2. Intuition vs Sensing
• 3. Feeling vs Thinking
• 4. Judging vs Perceiving

52
Implicit Personality Theories

• Implicit personality theoriesAssumptions about
  personality that are held by people to simplify
  the task of understanding others.
• Fundamental attribution error (FAE) Assumption
  that another persons behavior (especially
  undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in
  the personality, rather than in the situation.

53
Personality Across Cultures

• Assumptions people make vary widely across
  culturesdepending especially on whether the
  culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism.
• Other cultural differences involve
• Status of different age groups and sexes
• Romantic love
• Stoicism
• Locus of control
• Thinking vs. feeling