POETRY

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POETRY

• Traditionally, poetry is a language arranged in
  lines with a regular rhythm and often with a
  definite rhyme scheme.

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SPEAKER

• The speaker is the voice in a poem. A poem can
  sometimes have more than one voice.

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5 Guidelines for Reading a Poem

• Read the poem aloud at least once, following the
  punctuation for phrasing.
• Be alert to key words and references.
• Write a paraphrase of any lines that are not
  clear to you or need simplifying.
• Arrive at the central idea or meaning of the
  poem.
• Use internet sources to help with paraphrasing or
  analysis.

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Diction

• The words a poet chooses and the way he or she
  arranges the words to express a thought are
  referred to as the poets diction.

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Connotation

• The emotional meaning of the word
• In poetry, diction is especially important
  because every word must relay the right
  connotation.

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Poetic License

• The poets freedom to use language creatively
• Poets often invent (coin) words to relay an
  intended meaning.
• The poet may change words, invent (coin) new
  ones, rearrange the normal order of words, and
  omit understood phrases in order to create a
  certain mood or create a special meaning.

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Imagery

• Words or phrases that use description to create
  pictures (images) in the readers mind

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Tone

• The attitude a writer takes toward the subject or
  the reader

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Figurative Language

• The use of language to describe one thing in
  terms of something else
• Figurative language is at the heart of poetry.

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10 Major Figures of Speech

• Personification
• Symbol
• Simile
• Metaphor
• Implied Metaphor
• Extended Metaphor
• Dead Metaphor
• Mixed Metaphor
• Pun
• Irony of Situation

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Personification

• A special form of metaphor in which an inanimate
  thing or animal is given human characteristics

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Symbol

• An object, such as a person, action, or an event
  that stands for something more than itself as well

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Simile

• A straightforward comparison of two unlike
  things, using either of the words like or as
• Example The clouds were like puffs of cotton
  candy.

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Metaphor

• A more powerful figure of speech comparing two
  unlike things, without the use of the words like
  or as
• It omits the specific word of comparison and
  directly identifies the two unlike things
• Example The clouds were puffs of cotton candy.

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Implied Metaphor

• A comparison between two unlike objects. It is
  not directly stated, but only suggested.

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Extended Metaphor

• A comparison of two unlike things which is
  extended throughout the poem

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Dead Metaphor

• A metaphor which has become so commonplace that
  it has lost its force.
• Example a fishy story a cold shoulder the
  foot of a hill

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Mixed Metaphor

• The use of two or more inconsistent metaphors in
  one expression.
• When they are examined, they make no sense, and
  they are often unintentionally funny.
• Examples To hold the fort, hed have to shake a
  leg. Were skating on a very gray area.

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Pun

• A humorous play on words, using either
• Two or more different meanings of the same word,
  or
• Two or more words that are pronounced somewhat
  the same but have different meanings
• Example Romeo and Juliets Mercutio, fatally
  wounded, knows he does not have long to live.
  Punning on the word grave, he says, Ask for me
  tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.

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Irony of Situation

• The opposite of what the reader expects to happen

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19 Musical Devices in Poetry

• Rhyme Rhyme Scheme
• End Rhyme Exact Rhyme
• Internal Rhyme Approximate Rhyme
• Alliteration Assonance
• Refrain Onomatopoeia
• Allusion Parallelism
• Repetition Rhythm
• Meter Iamb
• Iambic Pentameter Free Verse
• Blank Verse

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Rhyme

• The repetition of accented vowel sounds and all
  succeeding sounds in words that appear close to
  each other

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Rhyme Scheme

• The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or poem

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End Rhyme

• Rhyming words that occur at the end of a poetic
  line

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Exact Rhyme

• Words that exactly repeat a sound

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Internal Rhyme

• Rhyme occurring within a line of poetry

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Slant RhymeorApproximate Rhyme

• Rhyme in which the final sounds of words are
  similar but not identical
• Example because/was

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AlliterationorConsonance

• The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at
  the beginning of words.
• Example Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
  peppers.

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Assonance

• The repetition of vowel sounds.
• Example The bad, fat cat sat on the mat.

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Refrain

• The recurring use of a phrase, entire line, or
  stanza

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Onomatopoeia

• The sound of a word imitates or suggests its
  meaning.
• Examples Whoosh! Tick-tock Zoom!

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Allusion

• A reference to a person, place, an event, or a
  literary work to which the writer expects the
  reader to recognize and respond
• Example Biblical allusions are common in
  English literature

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Parallelism

• The repetition of structures of ideas
• Example of the people, by the people, and for
  the people (Gettysburg Address)

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Repetition

• The reappearance of a word, phrase, stanza, or
  structure in any literary work
• 3 Common forms of Repetition (1) refrain (2)
  rhyme (3) alliteration

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Rhythm

• Any regular, recurrent flow of motion or sound

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Meter

• Regularized rhythmic pattern in a line of poetry

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Iamb

• An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed
  syllable

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Iambic Pentameter

• One of the most popular metrical forms in English
• It contains 5 (pent-) iambic feet (iambs) to a
  line of poetry.

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Free Verse

• Poetry that is not controlled by any regular
  metrical pattern.
• This is the easiest type of poetry to write.

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Blank Verse

• Unrhymed iambic pentameter that conveys a
  natural, conversational rhythm.

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Structures of Poetry

• Structure is the form or pattern a poet chooses
  for the arrangement of his thought
• There are 5 we will consider
• Stanzas
• Sonnets
• Terza Rima
• Villanelles
• Verse Paragraphs

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Stanza

• Any group of related lines that forms a division
  of a poem. They function somewhat like
  paragraphs do.

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Sonnet

• A fixed form of poetry that contains fourteen
  lines, usually written in iambic pentameter
• The sonnet has 2 traditional rhyme schemes (1)
  English and (2) Italian

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English Sonnet

• Also known as the Shakespearean Sonnet
• It contains 3 quatrains (groups of 4 lines) 1
  couplet (2 lines) 14 lines

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Italian Sonnet

• Also known as the Petrarchan Sonnet
• It contains 1 octave ( 8 lines)
• 1 sestet (6 lines) 14 lines

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Terza Rima

• A verse form consisting of a sequence of
  interlocking 3-line stanzas (tercets)
• The 1st and 3rd lines of the first stanza rhyme.
• The 2nd line provides the rhyme for the 1st and
  3rd lines of the next stanza.
• Forms the rhyme scheme aba-bcb-cdc and so on

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Villanelle

• An intricate 19-line poem of French origin
• Only two rhymes are allowed in the villanelle,
  and 8 lines are refrains.

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Verse Paragraph

• Sometimes a poet chooses to divide units of
  thought into verse paragraphs of varying length
  rather than fixed stanzas. It allows the poet
  more flexibility in his thought.
• Verse paragraphs are alternatives to stanzas.

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9 Types of Poetry

• Narrative Dramatic Monologue
• Epic Closet Dramas
• Ballad Lyric Poetry
• Folk Ballad Literary Ballads
• Dramatic Poem

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Narrative Poetry

• A poem that tells a story

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Epic

• A long poem celebrating the deeds of a societys
  hero.
• Most epics are concerned with larger-than-life
  heroes and heroines.
• The language of an epic is stately and dignified.
• Example The Odyssey

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Most Famous Epics

• Greek The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer
• Roman The Aeneid by Virgil
• Italian The Divine Comedy by Dante
• English Paradise Lost by John Milton

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Ballad

• A relatively short narrative poem, originally
  meant to be sung

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Folk Ballads

• The oldest known ballads
• Also known as popular ballads
• The authors are unknown because they arose among
  the common people and were passed on by word of
  mouth for generations

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Folk Ballads

• Most are tragic in mood and concerned largely
  with sensational stories of murder, love,
  jealousy, treachery, and the supernatural
• Most folk ballads use certain conventions, or
  widely accepted techniques and ways of saying
  things

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Conventions of Folk Ballads

• Usually dramatize their action quickly by
  omitting unnecessary scenes or details
• Often heighten the drama by using dialogue
• Suspense is often created by giving out
  information a little at a time

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Conventions of Folk Ballads (continued)

• Have their favorite colors, and often these
  colors suggest certain things
• Example milk-white steeds (horses) ruby lips
  golden hair. White suggests purity gold
  suggests perfection red suggests blood

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Conventions of Folk Ballads (continued)

• Often use stock phrases
• In structure, they usually use a ballad stanza
  a 4-line stanza in which the 2nd and 4th lines
  rhyme.

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Dramatic Poem

• Presents one or more characters speaking, usually
  to each other, but sometimes to themselves, or
  directly to the reader

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Dramatic Monologue

• A special kind of dramatic poem in which one
  character speaks to one or more characters whose
  replies are not given in the poem.
• This is kind of like listening to one side of a
  phone conversation.

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Closet Dramas

• Plays written to be read, but not performed

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Lyric Poetry

• Poetry, usually short, which focuses on the
  emotions or thoughts of the speaker.
• Examples The sonnet and the elegy (poem written
  about the death of someone) are among the most
  popular forms of lyric poetry.

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Literary Ballads

• Written by known writers who tried to imitate the
  style of folk ballads
• They tend to be more elaborate than folk ballads,
  both in language and form.

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Spenserian Sonnet

• Has 3 quatrains and a couplet
• It differs from the Shakespearean sonnet in its
  rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee
• It is an interlocking rhyme scheme which pushes
  the rhyme toward the final couplet
• The final couplet makes a key point or comment

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Apostrophe(not the mark of punctuation!)

• A literary device in which a speaker talks
  directly to
• an inanimate object,
• a person who is absent or dead,
• or an abstract quality, such as love.
• Examples Ode to the West Wind (Shelley)
  Apostrophe to the Ocean (Byron)