The%20Dative%20case

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The Dative case
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The Dative is used for Indirect Objects

• Along with the imperative/command, we often see
  an indirect object (marked i.o.)
• Open the door for her
• Take the paper to your brother
• Give me a break Give a break to me
• Buy your friends a dinner Buy a dinner for
  your friends

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Dative Case/ indirect object

• There are many ways to explain and identify the
  indirect object in English.
• In Latin, it is easy
• the indirect object is in the dative case --and
  should be translated "to" or "for".
• The dative has many uses and, strictly speaking,
  the indirect object is only one. But for now,
  just translate it as to or for.

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How to recognize (or expect) the dative

• Datives are generally only used with verbs of
  giving, showing, or performing a service or
  disservice to/for someone else.
• At this point, datives are usually persons or at
  least animals.

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Dative noun (and adjective) endings

• Dative case endings
• 1st dec. 2nd 3rd
• singular -ae -o -i
• plural -is -is -ibus
• (there are no separate dative neuter endings)

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Mark the dative with i.o. for indirect object

• V. I.O. D.O.
• Inveni principi equum!
• Find a horse for the leading man! 
• V. I.O. D.O.
• Da nuntiis vaccam!
• Give (to) the messengers a cow!
• V. I.O. D.O.
• Ostende filiae vulnera!
• Show (to) the girl the wounds!

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Verbs and adjectives that take the dative

• Some verbs normally take the dative, for what
  might seem a direct object in English.
• Crede ancillae! Believe the slave girl!
• (credo, credere)
• Parce hostibus! Spare the enemies! (parco,
  parcere)

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Adjectives that take the dative

• And some adjectives regularly take the dative as
  well.
• propinquus, a, um
• Villam oceano alto propinquam magi statuerunt.
• gratus,a,um
• Donum puellae non erat gratum.
• carus,a,um
• Putavit Marcus Antonius nomen Caesarem esse
  turbae carum.
• sacer, sacra, sacrum
• Aram sacram Dianae delevit hostis.

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The dative can also be used in relative clauses.
The forms are simple, cui in the singular and
quibus in the plural

• Singular masculine feminine neuter
• nominative qui quae quod
• dative cui cui cui
• accusative quem quam quod
• ablative quo qua quo
• Plural
• nominative qui quae quae
• ablative quibus quibus quibus
• accusative quos quas quae
• ablative quibus quibus quibus

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Dative relative clauses

• videt puellam cui saccos iactaverat latro.
• hostes deos quibus templum erat sacrum timebant.

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Interrogative dative pronouns

• The same forms are used to ask questions.
• Cui praemium dux dedit?
• Quibus imperator pepercit?